{"source":{"name":"Evidence Hub on Social Media Ban for Kids - A project by the Lisbon Council","url":"https:\/\/socialmediaban.lisboncouncil.net","license":"Creative Common CC-BY 4.0 International"},"data" : [
{"data": [{"data": [47, 30, 28, 53, 45, 49, 30, 32, 52, 51, 48, 33, 59, 31, 35, 27, 40, 32, 26, 47, 50, 37, 56, 33, 35, 53, 33, 47], "name": "Instagram"}, {"data": [39, 25, 30, 20, 25, 48, 23, 32, 41, 43, 42, 29, 35, 24, 36, 30, 26, 49, 13, 31, 50, 36, 33, 35, 35, 25, 30, 46], "name": "TikTok"}, {"data": [37, 34, 41, 36, 34, 37, 36, 46, 41, 32, 36, 35, 37, 43, 36, 42, 34, 41, 36, 32, 31, 45, 32, 42, 34, 32, 37, 40], "name": "YouTube"}, {"data": [27, 33, 48, 38, 49, 15, 46, 38, 36, 11, 21, 54, 26, 52, 43, 56, 32, 55, 39, 19, 20, 51, 27, 42, 38, 46, 32, 32], "name": "Facebook"}, {"data": [21, 22, 24, 16, 17, 13, 24, 37, 18, 36, 24, 18, 19, 20, 24, 20, 14, 10, 25, 15, 10, 31, 27, 12, 17, 8, 24, 18], "name": "X (Twitter)"}, {"data": [16, 14, 11, 4, 8, 25, 9, 15, 2, 25, 9, 19, 23, 23, 14, 16, 12, 3, 13, 17, 19, 5, 14, 21, 7, 3, 16, 5], "name": "WhatsApp"}, {"data": [33, 58, 58, 13, 38, 29, 47, 57, 32, 22, 34, 39, 24, 49, 50, 50, 48, 38, 58, 32, 34, 39, 24, 50, 41, 27, 66, 36], "name": "Other"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube", "Facebook", "X (Twitter)", "WhatsApp", "Other"], ["EU27", 47, 39, 37, 27, 21, 16, 33], ["BE", 30, 25, 34, 33, 22, 14, 58], ["BG", 28, 30, 41, 48, 24, 11, 58], ["CZ", 53, 20, 36, 38, 16, 4, 13], ["DK", 45, 25, 34, 49, 17, 8, 38], ["DE", 49, 48, 37, 15, 13, 25, 29], ["EE", 30, 23, 36, 46, 24, 9, 47], ["IE", 32, 32, 46, 38, 37, 15, 57], ["EL", 52, 41, 41, 36, 18, 2, 32], ["ES", 51, 43, 32, 11, 36, 25, 22], ["FR", 48, 42, 36, 21, 24, 9, 34], ["HR", 33, 29, 35, 54, 18, 19, 39], ["IT", 59, 35, 37, 26, 19, 23, 24], ["CY", 31, 24, 43, 52, 20, 23, 49], ["LV", 35, 36, 36, 43, 24, 14, 50], ["LT", 27, 30, 42, 56, 20, 16, 50], ["LU", 40, 26, 34, 32, 14, 12, 48], ["HU", 32, 49, 41, 55, 10, 3, 38], ["MT", 26, 13, 36, 39, 25, 13, 58], ["NL", 47, 31, 32, 19, 15, 17, 32], ["AT", 50, 50, 31, 20, 10, 19, 34], ["PL", 37, 36, 45, 51, 31, 5, 39], ["PT", 56, 33, 32, 27, 27, 14, 24], ["RO", 33, 35, 42, 42, 12, 21, 50], ["SI", 35, 35, 34, 38, 17, 7, 41], ["SK", 53, 25, 32, 46, 8, 3, 27], ["FI", 33, 30, 37, 32, 24, 16, 66], ["SE", 47, 46, 40, 32, 18, 5, 36]], "labels": {"values": ["EU27", "BE", "BG", "CZ", "DK", "DE", "EE", "IE", "EL", "ES", "FR", "HR", "IT", "CY", "LV", "LT", "LU", "HU", "MT", "NL", "AT", "PL", "PT", "RO", "SI", "SK", "FI", "SE"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=96862", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Social Media Platforms Used by Young Users for Information on Political and Social Issues", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "Eurobarometer survey", "source": "European Parliament Eurobarometer - Youth survey 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "2", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows which social media platforms are used most frequently by young people (aged 16–30) in the 27 European Union member states to access information on political issues. Significant regional variations exist among member states beyond the European average: in Italy and Portugal, for example, Instagram usage for news peaks at 59% and 56%, respectively. Although it is used less frequently on average, Facebook remains the primary news source for young people in Lithuania (56%), Hungary (55%) and Croatia (54%). TikTok usage is highest in Austria and Hungary (both 49%), while YouTube is the preferred platform in Ireland and Poland (both 46%). Ireland shows the highest engagement with X (Twitter) at 37%.\r\nTo better visualise this, select a single social media platform on the X axis."},
{"data": [{"data": [47], "name": "Instagram"}, {"data": [39], "name": "TikTok"}, {"data": [37], "name": "YouTube"}, {"data": [27], "name": "Facebook"}, {"data": [21], "name": "X (Twitter)"}, {"data": [16], "name": "WhatsApp"}, {"data": [9], "name": "Snapchat"}, {"data": [7], "name": "Telegram"}, {"data": [6], "name": "Messanger"}, {"data": [5], "name": "Linkedin"}, {"data": [4], "name": "Discord"}, {"data": [2], "name": "Viber"}, {"data": [3], "name": "Other"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube", "Facebook", "X (Twitter)", "WhatsApp", "Snapchat", "Telegram", "Messanger", "Linkedin", "Discord", "Viber", "Other"], ["EU27", 47, 39, 37, 27, 21, 16, 9, 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, 3]], "labels": {"values": ["EU27"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=96862", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Social Media Platforms Used by Young Users for Information on Political and Social Issues (EU27 average)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "Eurobarometer survey", "source": "European Parliament Eurobarometer - Youth survey 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "2.5", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "On average across the 27 European member states, Instagram was found to be the most commonly used platform (47%), followed by TikTok (39%) and YouTube (37%). Lower shares obtain information from Facebook (27%) and X (Twitter) (21%). WhatsApp is used for information on political and social issues by 16% of respondents. Other social media and platforms, including Snapchat (9%), Telegram (7%), Messenger (6%), LinkedIn (5%), Discord (4%) and Viber (2%), are mentioned less often by young people as sources of information on political and social issues."},
{"data": [{"data": [36, 53, 58, 66], "name": "Smartphone Ban in Schools (% Yes)"}, {"data": [61, 68, 66, 66], "name": "Social Media Ban for Under-14s (% Agree)"}], "_data": [["Generation", "Smartphone Ban in Schools (% Yes)", "Social Media Ban for Under-14s (% Agree)"], ["Gen Z", 36, 61], ["Millennials", 53, 68], ["Gen X", 58, 66], ["Baby Boomers", 66, 66]], "labels": {"name": "Generation", "values": ["Gen Z", "Millennials", "Gen X", "Baby Boomers"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://resources.ipsos.com/Global_Education_Monitor_W.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Generational Perspectives on Device vs. Content Bans", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "a 30-country survey on lpsos Global Advisor online platform (India on lndiaBus platform)", "source": "IPSOS EDUCATION MONITOR 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "5", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "The chart shows how different generations feel about banning smartphones in schools and imposing a blanket social media ban for under-14s. The data reveals a significant \"Consensus Gap\" between hardware restrictions and age-based platform access. While the generations are divided on whether smartphones belong in schools, they are remarkably united on the need to protect children under 14 when it comes to social media. \r\nThe data covers 33 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Türkiye, and the United States."},
{"data": [{"data": [58, 64, 69], "name": "Value"}], "_data": [["Category", "Schools/teachers (%)"], ["Gen Z", 58], ["Gen X", 64], ["Boomers", 69]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Gen Z", "Gen X", "Boomers"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://resources.ipsos.com/Global_Education_Monitor_W.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Schools as Primary Source for Digital Literacy: Generational Views (2024)", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "a 30-country survey on IPSOS Global Advisor online platform (in India on IndiaBus platform)", "source": "IPSOS EDUCATION MONITOR 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "7", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "The data demonstrates a clear, majority consensus across all age groups that the responsibility for teaching digital literacy and online safety lies with schools and teachers. While 58% of Gen Z views teachers as the primary source of this education, this figure rises to 64% for Gen X and reaches 69% for Boomers. \r\n<br />\r\nThe survey's georgaphical coverage include Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Türkiye, and the United States."},
{"data": [{"data": [29, 42], "name": "2023 (Global Avg)"}, {"data": [36, 37], "name": "2024 (Global Avg)"}], "_data": [["Position on AI Ban", "2023 (Global Avg)", "2024 (Global Avg)"], ["In Favor of a Ban", 29, 36], ["Against a Ban", 42, 37]], "labels": {"values": ["In Favor of a Ban", "Against a Ban"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://resources.ipsos.com/Global_Education_Monitor_W.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Public Opinion on Banning AI Tools Use in Schools (2024)", "topic": "Tech Mindset", "method": "a 30-country survey on IPSOS Global Advisor online platform (in India on lndiaBus platform)", "source": "IPSOS EDUCATION MONITOR 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "8", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "The data reveals a clear \"hardening\" of attitudes toward AI in the classroom. Within a single year, support for an outright ban on AI tools in schools has increased from 29% to 36%. Conversely, the proportion of the population that once opposed a ban has dropped to 37%, leaving the global public almost evenly split. A significant 27% of the population remains undecided.\r\nThe survey covers 30 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Türkiye, and the United States."},
{"data": [{"data": [28, 28, 26, 25], "name": "Value"}], "_data": [["Category", "Value"], ["Gen Z", 28], ["Millennials", 28], ["Gen X", 26], ["Baby Boomers", 25]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Gen Z", "Millennials", "Gen X", "Baby Boomers"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://resources.ipsos.com/Global_Education_Monitor_W.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Generational Outlook: AI Will Have More Positive than Negative Impact on Education (2024)", "topic": "Tech Mindset", "method": "a 30-country survey on IPSOS Global Advisor online platform (in India: lndiaBus platform)", "source": "IPSOS EDUCATION MONITOR 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "9", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Even among this \"most optimistic\" group, less than one-third of respondents believe the impact will be more positive than negative. There is only a 3-percentage point difference between the most optimistic (Gen Z) and the least optimistic (Boomers). \r\nThe survey covers 30 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Türkiye, and the United States."},
{"data": [{"data": [73, 70, 62, 59, 42, 41, 34, 30, 23, 23, 18, 17], "name": "Primarily the responsibility of teacher/schools"}, {"data": [23, 23, 31, 34, 51, 52, 56, 64, 69, 72, 67, 78], "name": "Primarily the resposibility of parents"}], "_data": [["Category", "Primarily the responsibility of teacher/schools", "Primarily the resposibility of parents"], ["Basic literacy and numeracy", 73, 23], ["Offering career guidance", 70, 23], ["Teaching digital literacy and online safety", 62, 31], ["Addressing bullying", 59, 34], ["Developing social skills", 42, 51], ["Encouraging a love of reading", 41, 52], ["Providing sex education", 34, 56], ["Overseeing homework", 30, 64], ["Ensuring mental wellbeing", 23, 69], ["Teaching moral and ethical values", 23, 72], ["Teaching religious values", 18, 67], ["Teaching manners and politeness", 17, 78]], "labels": {"values": ["Basic literacy and numeracy", "Offering career guidance", "Teaching digital literacy and online safety", "Addressing bullying", "Developing social skills", "Encouraging a love of reading", "Providing sex education", "Overseeing homework", "Ensuring mental wellbeing", "Teaching moral and ethical values", "Teaching religious values", "Teaching manners and politeness"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://resources.ipsos.com/Global_Education_Monitor_W.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Division of Responsibility for Digital Literacy and Online Safety Education", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "a 30-country survey on IPSOS Global Advisor online platform ( in India on lndiaBus platform)", "source": "IPSOS EDUCATION MONITOR 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "10", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This table maps the \"Division of Responsibility\" between the government and the family. A strong majority (62%) view Digital Literacy and Online Safety as a school responsibility.  Despite the risks of the digital age, Mental Wellbeing (69%) and Moral Values (72%) are seen as strictly parental duties. \r\n <br />\r\nThe survey covers 30 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Türkiye, and the United States."},
{"data": [{"data": [11, 36, 44, 12], "name": "Total (%)"}], "_data": [["Indicator", "Total (%)"], ["Problematic Social Media Use", 11], ["Intensive", 36], ["Active", 44], ["Non-active", 12]], "labels": {"name": "Indicator", "values": ["Problematic Social Media Use", "Intensive", "Active", "Non-active"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/f787fae6-e564-477c-a0e6-d54f24b38f0b/content", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Youth Problematic Social Media Use and Online Engagement", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "A large school-based survey (280 000 young people aged 11, 13 and 15)", "source": "World Health Organization", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "11", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Approximately 1 in 10 adolescents now exhibits problematic social media behavior (addictive-like), defined by clinical, addiction-like symptoms such as withdrawal and inability to control usage. Differences in problematic SMU were seen across age groups. Prevalence was highest among 13-year-olds (12%) and lowest in 11-year-olds (9%). \r\n<br /> The survey covers 44 countries and regions in Europe, central Asia and Canada."},
{"data": [{"data": [16, 34, 41, 9], "name": "Girls"}, {"data": [9, 31, 47, 13], "name": "Boys"}], "_data": [["Indicator", "Girls", "Boys"], ["Problematic Social Media Use", 16, 9], ["Intensive", 34, 31], ["Active", 41, 47], ["Non-active", 9, 13]], "labels": {"name": "Indicator", "values": ["Problematic Social Media Use", "Intensive", "Active", "Non-active"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/f787fae6-e564-477c-a0e6-d54f24b38f0b/content", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Social Media Use Among 13-Year-Olds by Gender (2022)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study: survey (280 000 young people aged 11, 13 and 15)", "source": "World Health Organization", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "11.1", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Gender differences in problematic media use are highest. Overall, problematic social media use is higher for 13-year old girls than boys. \r\nThe survey covers 44 countries and regions in Europe, central Asia and Canada."},
{"data": [{"data": [67, 64, 64], "name": "very urgent"}, {"data": [26, 28, 28], "name": "fairly urgent"}, {"data": [5, 5, 5], "name": "not very urgent"}, {"data": [2, 2, 2], "name": "not at all urgent"}, {"data": [2, 2, 2], "name": "don't know"}], "_data": [["Category", "very urgent", "fairly urgent", "not very urgent", "not at all urgent", "don't know"], ["negative impact of social media on childrens mental health", 67, 26, 5, 2, 2], ["cyberbullying and online harrassment", 64, 28, 5, 2, 2], ["putting in place age assurance mechanisms to restrict age-inappropriate content", 64, 28, 5, 2, 2]], "labels": {"values": ["negative impact of social media on childrens mental health", "cyberbullying and online harrassment", "putting in place age assurance mechanisms to restrict age-inappropriate content"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=98886", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Public Urgency: Protecting Children from Online Risks (2025)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Eurobarometer survey", "source": "Digital Decade Eurobarometer 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "12", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "Public sentiment across the EU27 demonstrates an overwhelming mandate for regulatory intervention to protect minors online. Mental health risks emerge as the most critical concern, with 93% of respondents demanding public action, 67% of whom categorise it as 'very urgent.' This high level of concern is matched by a near-unanimous call for protection against cyberbullying and the implementation of robust age-assurance mechanisms, both of which are viewed as urgent by 92% of the population."},
{"data": [{"data": [59, 40, 1], "name": "Aware that fundamental rights apply also online"}], "_data": [["Category", "Aware that fundamental rights apply also online"], ["Yes", 59], ["No", 40], ["Don't know", 1]], "labels": {"values": ["Yes", "No", "Don't know"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=98886", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Awareness of Online Applicability of the Fundamental Rights", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "Standard Eurobarometer surveys' methodology", "source": "Digital Decade Eurobarometer 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "13", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "Awareness of the fact that fundamental rights also apply online is currently in decline across the European Union. Only 59% of citizens are aware of their digital legal standing."},
{"data": [{"data": [3, 41, 34, 7, 3, 12], "name": "Value"}], "_data": [["Category", "Value"], ["Very well", 3], ["Farly well", 41], ["Not very well", 34], ["Not well at all", 7], ["Don't know", 3], ["Not using internet", 12]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Very well", "Farly well", "Not very well", "Not well at all", "Don't know", "Not using internet"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=98886", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Public Perception: EU Protection of Digital Rights (2025)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Eurobarometer survey", "source": "Digital Decade Eurobarometer 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "14", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "Respondents were asked to what extent they think that the EU protects their rights in the digital environment. Less than half (44%) of respondents think that the EU protects their rights in the digital environment well and 41% of respondents think their rights are not well protected."},
{"data": [{"data": [89, 88, 85, 83], "name": "Important"}, {"data": [8, 9, 11, 8], "name": "Not important"}, {"data": [3, 3, 4, 3], "name": "Don't know"}], "_data": [["Category", "Important", "Not important", "Don't know"], ["Increasing research and innovation to have stronger and more secure digital technologies", 89, 8, 3], ["Countering and mitigating the issue of fake news and disinformation online", 88, 9, 3], ["Ensuring that European companies can grow and become European champions able to compete globally", 85, 11, 4], ["Shaping the developemnt of artificial intelligence and new digital technologies to ensure they respect European rights and values", 83, 8, 3]], "labels": {"values": ["Increasing research and innovation to have stronger and more secure digital technologies", "Countering and mitigating the issue of fake news and disinformation online", "Ensuring that European companies can grow and become European champions able to compete globally", "Shaping the developemnt of artificial intelligence and new digital technologies to ensure they respect European rights and values"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=98886", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Public Authorities Priorities Related to Digital Technologies", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Eurobarometer survey", "source": "Digital Decade Eurobarometer 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "15", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "Almost nine out of ten European respondents (88%) state that countering and mitigating the issue of fake news and misinformation online. 83% think it is important for public authorities to shape the development of Artificial Intelligence and other digital technologies to ensure they respect our rights and values."},
{"data": [{"data": [1038250, 910642, 587852, 785322, 2497438], "name": "Exchanged Records"}, {"data": [683890, 760054, 497001, 689523, 929733], "name": "New Records (Unseen)"}, {"data": [492961, 443391, 402601, 539836, 1634636], "name": "Illegal Records (Confirmed)"}], "_data": [["Category", "Exchanged Records", "New Records (Unseen)", "Illegal Records (Confirmed)"], [2020, 1038250, 683890, 492961], [2021, 910642, 760054, 443391], [2022, 587852, 497001, 402601], [2023, 785322, 689523, 539836], [2024, 2497438, 929733, 1634636]], "labels": {"values": [2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://inhope.org/media/pages/home/data-insights/4d2f6f4817-1767872796/inhope-annual-report-2024.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "", "year": "2024", "title": "Trends in the Identification of Child Sexual Abuse Material (2020–2024)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "online records reported to the INHOPE system", "source": "INHOPE Annual Report 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "18", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "The data reveals a record-breaking surge in the identification of CSAM, with 2024 figures surpassing the previous five-year peak by over 140%. The most alarming metric is the volume of confirmed illegal records, which jumped by 202% in a single year to reach 1.63 million."},
{"data": [{"data": [785322, 689523, 539836], "name": "2023"}, {"data": [2497438, 929733, 1634636], "name": "2024"}], "_data": [["Category", 2023, 2024], ["Total Exchanged Records", 785322, 2497438], ["Identification of New Records", 689523, 929733], ["Confirmed Illegal Material", 539836, 1634636]], "labels": {"values": ["Total Exchanged Records", "Identification of New Records", "Confirmed Illegal Material"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://inhope.org/media/pages/home/data-insights/4d2f6f4817-1767872796/inhope-annual-report-2024.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "", "year": "2024", "title": "The Detection of Illegal Content (2023–2024)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "online records reported to the INHOPE system", "source": "INHOPE Annual Report 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "19", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "The staggering 218% increase in exchanged records is largely attributed to a high-volume surge identified by the SafeNet Bulgaria hotline, which accounted for 1.6 million records. Furthermore, the identification of 929,733 \"New Records\", a 35% increase, demonstrates that despite better tracking, nearly one million pieces of previously unseen abusive content entered the system in 2024 alone."},
{"data": [{"data": [94.6, 3.66], "name": "2023"}, {"data": [98.71, 0.76], "name": "2024"}], "_data": [["Category", 2023, 2024], ["Female", 94.6, 98.71], ["Male", 3.66, 0.76]], "labels": {"values": ["Female", "Male"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://inhope.org/media/pages/home/data-insights/4d2f6f4817-1767872796/inhope-annual-report-2024.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Victim Demographics by Biological Sex", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "online records reported to the INHOPE system", "source": "INHOPE Annual Report 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "20", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Female victims continued to be overwhelmingly represented, comprising 98.71% of reported cases, an increase from 94.60% in 2023. In contrast, the percentage of male victims has decreased significantly, dropping from 3.66% in 2023 to just 0.76% in 2024. Cases involving both sexes have also declined slightly, representing 0.53% of reports. These trends highlight the persistent disproportionate representation of female victims while reflecting a sharp decrease in male victims and a minor reduction in cases involving both sexes."},
{"data": [{"data": [90, 10], "name": "2023"}, {"data": [93.2, 6.6], "name": "2024"}], "_data": [["Category", 2023, 2024], ["3–13 years", 90, 93.2], ["14–17 years", 10, 6.6]], "labels": {"values": ["3–13 years", "14–17 years"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://inhope.org/media/pages/home/data-insights/4d2f6f4817-1767872796/inhope-annual-report-2024.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Child Sexual Abuse Material Victim Demographics: Age Distribution (2023-2024)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "online records reported to the INHOPE system", "source": "INHOPE Annual Report 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "21", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "In 2024, 93.24% of CSAM victims were pre-pubescent (ages 3-13), up from 90% in 2023, continuing to represent the vast majority of cases. Pubescent victims (ages 14-17) decreased to 6.59%, down from 10% in 2023, showing a notable decline. Infant and toddler victims (under 3 years old) accounted for 0.17%, a slight drop from 0.34% earlier in the year. These trends underscore the continued predominance of pre-pubescent victims."},
{"data": [{"data": [80, 79, 76, 65, 73, 72, 69, 68, 63, 60, 53, 51, 40], "name": "Agree (%)"}, {"data": [13, 18, 22, 29, 22, 23, 25, 23, 27, 31, 41, 35, 42], "name": "Disagree (%)"}], "_data": [["Country / Region", "Agree (%)", "Disagree (%)"], ["France", 80, 13], ["Indonesia", 79, 18], ["Colombia", 76, 22], ["Global Average", 65, 29], ["Spain", 73, 22], ["Italy", 72, 23], ["Ireland", 69, 25], ["Belgium", 68, 23], ["Great Britain", 63, 27], ["United States", 60, 31], ["Sweden", 53, 41], ["Poland", 51, 35], ["Germany", 40, 42]], "labels": {"values": ["France", "Indonesia", "Colombia", "Global Average", "Spain", "Italy", "Ireland", "Belgium", "Great Britain", "United States", "Sweden", "Poland", "Germany"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://resources.ipsos.com/Global_Education_Monitor_W.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Global Public Sentiment on Social Media Bans for Under-14s (2024)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "a 30-country survey on IPSOS Global Advisor online platform (in India on lndiaBus platform)", "source": "IPSOS EDUCATION MONITOR 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "22", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "On average, 65% of people across 30 countries believe children under 14 should not be on social media.Germany is the only country where more people disagree with a ban (42%) than support it (40%), favoring education and personal freedom over strict laws.\r\nThe study covers 30 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Türkiye, and the United States."},
{"data": [{"data": [89.54, 93.51, 82.7, 87.53, 96.64, 89.41, 90.77, 99.29, 87.18, 92.49, 89.01, 82.63, 88.5, 93.34, 90.92, 85.03, 94.49, 86.51, 95.01, 98.42, 84.97, 84.85, 85.52, 88.18, 87.97, 87.43, 95.45, 96.44, 94.98, 94.99, 88.24, 92.81, 89.24, 87.14, 87.13], "name": "All Individuals (%)"}, {"data": [97.67, 99.33, 97.69, 98.69, 97.23, 95.75, 99.21, 99.65, 99.7, 98.54, 97.58, 99.07, 97.11, 98.69, 99.08, 99.18, 98.57, 95.94, 99.53, 99.71, 95.44, 99.06, 98.69, 97.38, 98.82, 98.39, 99.17, 97.85, 96.31, 97.95, 98.76, 97.08, 99.41, 99.41, 97.04], "name": "Youth (16–29) (%)"}], "_data": [["Geography", "All Individuals (%)", "Youth (16–29) (%)"], ["European Union", 89.54, 97.67], ["Belgium", 93.51, 99.33], ["Bulgaria", 82.7, 97.69], ["Czechia", 87.53, 98.69], ["Denmark", 96.64, 97.23], ["Germany", 89.41, 95.75], ["Estonia", 90.77, 99.21], ["Ireland", 99.29, 99.65], ["Greece", 87.18, 99.7], ["Spain", 92.49, 98.54], ["France", 89.01, 97.58], ["Croatia", 82.63, 99.07], ["Italy", 88.5, 97.11], ["Cyprus", 93.34, 98.69], ["Latvia", 90.92, 99.08], ["Lithuania", 85.03, 99.18], ["Luxembourg", 94.49, 98.57], ["Hungary", 86.51, 95.94], ["Malta", 95.01, 99.53], ["Netherlands", 98.42, 99.71], ["Austria", 84.97, 95.44], ["Poland", 84.85, 99.06], ["Portugal", 85.52, 98.69], ["Romania", 88.18, 97.38], ["Slovenia", 87.97, 98.82], ["Slovakia", 87.43, 98.39], ["Finland", 95.45, 99.17], ["Sweden", 96.44, 97.85], ["Norway", 94.98, 96.31], ["Switzerland", 94.99, 97.95], ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", 88.24, 98.76], ["Montenegro", 92.81, 97.08], ["North Macedonia", 89.24, 99.41], ["Serbia", 87.14, 99.41], ["Türkiye", 87.13, 97.04]], "labels": {"values": ["European Union", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Germany", "Estonia", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "France", "Croatia", "Italy", "Cyprus", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Hungary", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ifp_fu__custom_11247891/default/table", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Daily Internet Access of General Population and Youth (16 to 29 Years Old) (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "The EU survey on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in households and by individuals annual survey", "source": "Individuals - frequency of internet use, Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "24", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "Daily internet connectivity has become a universal constant for European youth, with the 16–29 age group maintaining near-total saturation (97.67% EU average). While total population access varies significantly, the youth demographic remains consistently above 91% across all 37 measured territories. This creates a dramatic generational \"Access Gap\" in countries like Croatia (+16pp), Bulgaria (+15pp), and Poland (+14pp), where young people are disproportionately more connected than the general public."},
{"data": [{"data": [95.15, 96.31, 96.93, 97.36, 97.67], "name": "European Union"}], "_data": [["Year", "European Union"], [2021, 95.15], [2022, 96.31], [2023, 96.93], [2024, 97.36], [2025, 97.67]], "labels": {"values": [2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ifp_fu__custom_11247891/default/table", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021-2025", "title": "Daily Use of the Internet Among Young People (16 to 29 Years Old) (2021-2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "ESS (ICT survey)", "source": "Individuals - frequency of internet use, Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "25", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The table shows data on internet access frequency for individuals aged 16 to 29 years old over the years 2021-2025. Data reveals a steady and inexorable climb in the EU-27 average, rising from 95.15% in 2021 to 97.67% in 2025. This indicates that by the midpoint of the decade, daily internet access has become a near-absolute constant for young Europeans."},
{"data": [{"data": [67.26, 67.68, 71.06, 70.09, 89.66, 59.24, 72.58, 79.89, 73.04, 69.5, 70.75, 61.5, 56.38, 86.54, 79.29, 70.27, 67.32, 78.66, 81.62, 81.21, 67.86, 63.27, 70.46, 79.57, 65.43, 61.91, 81.32, 74.72, 88.94, 74.07, 83.8, 77.92, 76.29, 80.38], "name": "All Individuals (%)"}, {"data": [89.28, 88.3, 89.4, 97.21, 96.85, 84.21, 91.39, 94.36, 90.61, 91.55, 93.89, 90.74, 80.29, 98.25, 93.75, 89.81, 84.77, 91.13, 91.92, 94.2, 96.06, 90.51, 91.55, 92.09, 91.03, 88.65, 96.6, 88.4, 95.69, 95.75, 96.12, 97.7, 97.22, 93.44], "name": "Youth (16–29) (%)"}], "_data": [["Geography", "All Individuals (%)", "Youth (16–29) (%)"], ["European Union", 67.26, 89.28], ["Belgium", 67.68, 88.3], ["Bulgaria", 71.06, 89.4], ["Czechia", 70.09, 97.21], ["Denmark", 89.66, 96.85], ["Germany", 59.24, 84.21], ["Estonia", 72.58, 91.39], ["Ireland", 79.89, 94.36], ["Greece", 73.04, 90.61], ["Spain", 69.5, 91.55], ["France", 70.75, 93.89], ["Croatia", 61.5, 90.74], ["Italy", 56.38, 80.29], ["Cyprus", 86.54, 98.25], ["Latvia", 79.29, 93.75], ["Lithuania", 70.27, 89.81], ["Luxembourg", 67.32, 84.77], ["Hungary", 78.66, 91.13], ["Malta", 81.62, 91.92], ["Netherlands", 81.21, 94.2], ["Austria", 67.86, 96.06], ["Poland", 63.27, 90.51], ["Portugal", 70.46, 91.55], ["Romania", 79.57, 92.09], ["Slovenia", 65.43, 91.03], ["Slovakia", 61.91, 88.65], ["Finland", 81.32, 96.6], ["Sweden", 74.72, 88.4], ["Norway", 88.94, 95.69], ["Switzerland", 74.07, 95.75], ["Montenegro", 83.8, 96.12], ["North Macedonia", 77.92, 97.7], ["Serbia", 76.29, 97.22], ["Türkiye", 80.38, 93.44]], "labels": {"values": ["European Union", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Germany", "Estonia", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "France", "Croatia", "Italy", "Cyprus", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Hungary", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ac_i__custom_11248092/default/table", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Social Media Participation: Youth (16-29) vs. General Population (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "EU survey on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in households and by individuals annual survey", "source": "Individuals - internet activities, Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "26", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "In 2025, active participation in social networking (i.e., participation in social networks: creating user profiles, posting messages or other contributions to Facebook, Twitter, etc.) is the dominant digital activity for European youth, with nearly 89% of the EU-27 youth population maintaining profiles and posting content compared to just 67% of the general population. The data highlights a profound gap across the continent, most notably in Croatia (+29pp), Austria (+28pp), and Poland (+27pp), where young people are exponentially more involved in social media than older generations. Even in major economies where general social media participation is relatively low, such as Germany (59%) and Italy (56%), the youth demographic remains highly active at 84% and 80%, respectively."},
{"data": [{"data": [82.9, 83.46, 83, 88, 89.28], "name": "European Union"}], "_data": [["Year", "European Union"], [2021, 82.9], [2022, 83.46], [2023, 83], [2024, 88], [2025, 89.28]], "labels": {"values": [2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ac_i__custom_11248092/default/table", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021-2025", "title": "Social Media Participation of Youth (16 to 29 Years Old), 2021-2025", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "EU survey on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in households and by individuals annual survey", "source": "Individuals - internet activities, Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "27", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart shows data on social media participation (i.e., participation in social networks: creating user profiles, posting messages or other contributions to social media) for individuals aged 16 to 29 years old over the years 2021-2025. The data indicates a significant expansion in social networking engagement, with the EU-27 average rising from 82.9% in 2021 to 89.28% in 2025."},
{"data": [{"data": [20.18, 10.78, 19.83, 11.77, 26.1, 22.6, 15.9, 30.08, 15.57, 20.25, 16.63, 16.85, 24.25, 23.12, 24.24, 14.55, 20.64, 21.43, 18.97, 30.02, 25.98, 15.86, 22.07, 15.75, 33.47, 15.28, 22.58, 14.31, 22.4, 23.44, 15.07, 18.12, 6.75, 13.96], "name": "All Individuals (%)"}, {"data": [24.33, 12.26, 23.51, 14.3, 28, 27, 16.97, 29.91, 16.14, 24.04, 20.86, 17.17, 30.91, 22.17, 33.33, 16.38, 20.42, 23.79, 19.32, 31.26, 28.45, 22.23, 26.63, 20.69, 49.4, 21.52, 21.39, 16.06, 21.46, 26.7, 22.39, 28.11, 7.92, 15.36], "name": "Youth (16–29) (%)"}], "_data": [["Geography", "All Individuals (%)", "Youth (16–29) (%)"], ["European Union", 20.18, 24.33], ["Belgium", 10.78, 12.26], ["Bulgaria", 19.83, 23.51], ["Czechia", 11.77, 14.3], ["Denmark", 26.1, 28], ["Germany", 22.6, 27], ["Estonia", 15.9, 16.97], ["Ireland", 30.08, 29.91], ["Greece", 15.57, 16.14], ["Spain", 20.25, 24.04], ["France", 16.63, 20.86], ["Croatia", 16.85, 17.17], ["Italy", 24.25, 30.91], ["Cyprus", 23.12, 22.17], ["Latvia", 24.24, 33.33], ["Lithuania", 14.55, 16.38], ["Luxembourg", 20.64, 20.42], ["Hungary", 21.43, 23.79], ["Malta", 18.97, 19.32], ["Netherlands", 30.02, 31.26], ["Austria", 25.98, 28.45], ["Poland", 15.86, 22.23], ["Portugal", 22.07, 26.63], ["Romania", 15.75, 20.69], ["Slovenia", 33.47, 49.4], ["Slovakia", 15.28, 21.52], ["Finland", 22.58, 21.39], ["Sweden", 14.31, 16.06], ["Norway", 22.4, 21.46], ["Switzerland", 23.44, 26.7], ["Montenegro", 15.07, 22.39], ["North Macedonia", 18.12, 28.11], ["Serbia", 6.75, 7.92], ["Türkiye", 13.96, 15.36]], "labels": {"values": ["European Union", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Germany", "Estonia", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "France", "Croatia", "Italy", "Cyprus", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Hungary", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ac_i__custom_6640793/default/table", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Civic & Political Participation: Youth vs. General Population (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "The EU survey on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in households and by individuals annual survey", "source": "Individuals - frequency of internet use, Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "28", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "The 2025 Eurostat data reveal that the internet has become a vital infrastructure for youth democratic engagement, with 24.33% of EU youth using digital platforms for civic or political participation, outpacing the general population by 4 percentage points. This gap is widest in Slovenia, where nearly half (49.4%) of all young people utilise the internet for political expression (only 33% of the general population do it). Youth high participation rates are found also in Latvia (33%) and Netherlands (36%)."},
{"data": [{"data": [23.91, 26.06, 24.33], "name": "European Union"}], "_data": [["Year", "European Union"], [2023, 23.91], [2024, 26.06], [2025, 24.33]], "labels": {"values": [2023, 2024, 2025]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ac_i__custom_6640793/default/table", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2023-2025", "title": "Youth (16-29) Internet Use for Civic and Political Participation (2023-2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "The EU survey on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in households and by individuals annual survey", "source": "Individuals - internet activities, Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "29", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart shows data on internet use for civic and political participation for individuals aged 16 to 29 years old over the years 2023-2025. The data reveal that digital civic engagement has become a significant, though periodically volatile, component of youth identity in Europe. The European Union average reached a notable peak in 2024 at 26.06%, coinciding with a period of intense political activity across the Union."},
{"data": [{"data": [16.21, 17.46, 9.5, 19.58, 13.95, 10.09, 22.82, 29.54, 21.95, 27.21, 11.34, 11.52, 19.36, 16.72, 12.03, 14.92, 19.2, 23.93, 21.45, 28.4, 17.66, 10.44, 17.46, 2.59, 21.72, 12.69, 28.75, 23.2, 30.57, 21.43, 10.33, 6.73, 8.45, 5.89], "name": "All Individuals (%)"}, {"data": [22.46, 25.4, 26.46, 31.6, 11.17, 12.18, 26.6, 22.35, 42.67, 35.19, 17.23, 27.24, 26.82, 27.4, 14.99, 20.05, 17.23, 43.34, 31.01, 30.23, 25.24, 15.52, 20.35, 6.25, 30.84, 16.85, 53.84, 25.37, 33.31, 25.1, 17.48, 8.4, 25.78, 9.03], "name": "Youth (16–29) (%)"}], "_data": [["Geography", "All Individuals (%)", "Youth (16–29) (%)"], ["European Union", 16.21, 22.46], ["Belgium", 17.46, 25.4], ["Bulgaria", 9.5, 26.46], ["Czechia", 19.58, 31.6], ["Denmark", 13.95, 11.17], ["Germany", 10.09, 12.18], ["Estonia", 22.82, 26.6], ["Ireland", 29.54, 22.35], ["Greece", 21.95, 42.67], ["Spain", 27.21, 35.19], ["France", 11.34, 17.23], ["Croatia", 11.52, 27.24], ["Italy", 19.36, 26.82], ["Cyprus", 16.72, 27.4], ["Latvia", 12.03, 14.99], ["Lithuania", 14.92, 20.05], ["Luxembourg", 19.2, 17.23], ["Hungary", 23.93, 43.34], ["Malta", 21.45, 31.01], ["Netherlands", 28.4, 30.23], ["Austria", 17.66, 25.24], ["Poland", 10.44, 15.52], ["Portugal", 17.46, 20.35], ["Romania", 2.59, 6.25], ["Slovenia", 21.72, 30.84], ["Slovakia", 12.69, 16.85], ["Finland", 28.75, 53.84], ["Sweden", 23.2, 25.37], ["Norway", 30.57, 33.31], ["Switzerland", 21.43, 25.1], ["Montenegro", 10.33, 17.48], ["North Macedonia", 6.73, 8.4], ["Serbia", 8.45, 25.78], ["Türkiye", 5.89, 9.03]], "labels": {"values": ["European Union", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Germany", "Estonia", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "France", "Croatia", "Italy", "Cyprus", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Hungary", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ac_i__custom_11257514/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=13ab97cf-c12e-4c99-ab0a-653c0cbd9da9&c=1715118486112", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Lifelong Learning: Internet Use for Online Courses (2025)", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "data collection", "source": "Internet use: doing an online course (of any subject), Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "30", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart analyses the use of the internet for educational purposes, specifically: using the internet to do an online course of any kind. In 2025, nearly 22.4% of the 16–29 demographic uses online platforms for formal or informal learning, 6 percentage points higher than participation rate of the general population. This is most pronounced in the Finland (53.84%) and Hungary (43.34%), where online courses have become a majority activity for young people. Surprinsingly, the most significant generational gap is found in Finland where youth participation outstrips the general public by 25 percentage points."},
{"data": [{"data": [35.4, 27.59, 23.29, 24.14, 22.46], "name": "European Union"}], "_data": [["Year", "European Union"], [2021, 35.4], [2022, 27.59], [2023, 23.29], [2024, 24.14], [2025, 22.46]], "labels": {"values": [2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ac_i__custom_11257514/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=13ab97cf-c12e-4c99-ab0a-653c0cbd9da9&c=1715118486112", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021-2025", "title": "Life-Long Learning: Internet Use for Online Courses by Youth (16-29), 2021-2025", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "data collection", "source": "Internet use: doing an online course (of any subject), Eurostat, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "31", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart shows data on internet use for individuals aged 16 to 29 years old over the years 2021-2025. The data reveals a significant downward trend in online course participation across the EU-27, falling from a high of 35.4% in 2021 to 22.46% in 2025. Nearly one-quarter of all European youth still rely on the internet for skill development and education, highlighting the internet's continued status as a secondary classroom."},
{"data": [{"data": [73.36, 75.36, 51.58, 89.39, 88.45, 64.21, 78.61, 86.49, 74.45, 82.24, 79.05, 87.08, 67.88, 61.89, 65.63, 78, 64.89, 74.65, 79.01, 85.79, 72.86, 72.88, 80.29, 52.14, 58.68, 74.07, 88.13, 72.88, 80.1, 86.76, 65.98, 53.83, 50.21, 69.89, 47.82], "name": "Males"}, {"data": [76.17, 76.55, 57.31, 91.79, 92.16, 66.2, 86.73, 86.95, 83.29, 82.54, 80.02, 87.74, 70.35, 73.61, 69.54, 85.53, 66.83, 71.94, 79.65, 90.71, 82.08, 78.25, 86.53, 51.09, 70.69, 72.19, 91.41, 81.48, 85.96, 86.28, 70.63, 57.39, 40.49, 66.12, 47.36], "name": "Females"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Males", "Females"], ["European Union", 73.36, 76.17], ["Belgium", 75.36, 76.55], ["Bulgaria", 51.58, 57.31], ["Czechia", 89.39, 91.79], ["Denmark", 88.45, 92.16], ["Germany", 64.21, 66.2], ["Estonia", 78.61, 86.73], ["Ireland", 86.49, 86.95], ["Greece", 74.45, 83.29], ["Spain", 82.24, 82.54], ["France", 79.05, 80.02], ["Croatia", 87.08, 87.74], ["Italy", 67.88, 70.35], ["Cyprus", 61.89, 73.61], ["Latvia", 65.63, 69.54], ["Lithuania", 78, 85.53], ["Luxembourg", 64.89, 66.83], ["Hungary", 74.65, 71.94], ["Malta", 79.01, 79.65], ["Netherlands", 85.79, 90.71], ["Austria", 72.86, 82.08], ["Poland", 72.88, 78.25], ["Portugal", 80.29, 86.53], ["Romania", 52.14, 51.09], ["Slovenia", 58.68, 70.69], ["Slovakia", 74.07, 72.19], ["Finland", 88.13, 91.41], ["Sweden", 72.88, 81.48], ["Norway", 80.1, 85.96], ["Switzerland", 86.76, 86.28], ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", 65.98, 70.63], ["Montenegro", 53.83, 57.39], ["North Macedonia", 50.21, 40.49], ["Serbia", 69.89, 66.12], ["Türkiye", 47.82, 47.36]], "labels": {"values": ["European Union", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Germany", "Estonia", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "France", "Croatia", "Italy", "Cyprus", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Hungary", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_sk_dskl_i21__custom_11269742/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=3f063691-6ebe-4087-ba55-676cb2baf2b0&c=1715174954149", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Young Adults' Digital Proficiency by Gender (2025)", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "ESS (ICT survey)", "source": "Eurostat, Percentage of young individuals (16-29) with basic or above basic overall digital skills - gender disaggregated (2025)", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "32", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart shows the digital skills for youth (16-29) by gender, in 2025. On average, 76.17% of EU females aged 16–29 possess basic or above-basic digital skills, outperforming their male counterparts (73.36%) by nearly 3 percentage points. This trend is most extreme in Slovenia, where there is a staggering 12-point gap in favour of females (71% vs 59%) and Cyprus, with a gap of 11 percentage points (74% vs 62%). Denmark shows the highest female digital literacy, with 92%, followed by Czechia with 91.8% and Finland with 91.4%."},
{"data": [{"data": [74.46, 75.75, 52.55, 90.26, 89.41, 66.64, 78.61, 86.49, 74.45, 82.75, 79.96, 87.19, 69.57, 62.59, 65.81, 78.92, 64.89, 75.83, 79.01, 85.79, 72.86, 73.15, 80.8, 52.86, 59.09, 74.07, 88.13, 73.29, 81.47, 86.96, 66.44, 54.39, 50.21, 69.89, 48.56], "name": "Males"}, {"data": [77.05, 76.99, 58.7, 91.83, 92.16, 67.83, 86.73, 86.95, 83.29, 83.01, 80.84, 88.58, 72.01, 74.36, 70.17, 85.75, 66.83, 72.61, 79.65, 90.71, 82.08, 78.83, 86.84, 51.45, 71.3, 73.17, 91.41, 81.82, 86.79, 86.28, 71.53, 60.38, 40.49, 66.12, 48.57], "name": "Females"}], "_data": [["Geography", "Males", "Females"], ["European Union", 74.46, 77.05], ["Belgium", 75.75, 76.99], ["Bulgaria", 52.55, 58.7], ["Czechia", 90.26, 91.83], ["Denmark", 89.41, 92.16], ["Germany", 66.64, 67.83], ["Estonia", 78.61, 86.73], ["Ireland", 86.49, 86.95], ["Greece", 74.45, 83.29], ["Spain", 82.75, 83.01], ["France", 79.96, 80.84], ["Croatia", 87.19, 88.58], ["Italy", 69.57, 72.01], ["Cyprus", 62.59, 74.36], ["Latvia", 65.81, 70.17], ["Lithuania", 78.92, 85.75], ["Luxembourg", 64.89, 66.83], ["Hungary", 75.83, 72.61], ["Malta", 79.01, 79.65], ["Netherlands", 85.79, 90.71], ["Austria", 72.86, 82.08], ["Poland", 73.15, 78.83], ["Portugal", 80.8, 86.84], ["Romania", 52.86, 51.45], ["Slovenia", 59.09, 71.3], ["Slovakia", 74.07, 73.17], ["Finland", 88.13, 91.41], ["Sweden", 73.29, 81.82], ["Norway", 81.47, 86.79], ["Switzerland", 86.96, 86.28], ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", 66.44, 71.53], ["Montenegro", 54.39, 60.38], ["North Macedonia", 50.21, 40.49], ["Serbia", 69.89, 66.12], ["Türkiye", 48.56, 48.57]], "labels": {"values": ["European Union", "Belgium", "Bulgaria", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Germany", "Estonia", "Ireland", "Greece", "Spain", "France", "Croatia", "Italy", "Cyprus", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Hungary", "Malta", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Poland", "Portugal", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Finland", "Sweden", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Montenegro", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_sk_dskl_i21__custom_11269742/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=3f063691-6ebe-4087-ba55-676cb2baf2b0&c=1715174954149", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Youth Internet Use by Gender (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "ESS (ICT survey)", "source": "Percentage of young individuals (16-29) who used internet in the last three months - gender disaggregated (2025)", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "33", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "The 2025 Eurostat data confirms that young women have become the primary occupants of the European digital landscape. On average, 77% of EU females aged 16–29 were active internet users in the monitored period, compared to 74.5% of their male counterparts. This 2.6-percentage-point suggests that digital platforms are integral to the daily life and social connectivity of young women. The gender disparity is most pronounced in Slovenia, where female active usage outstrips males by over 12 percentage points (71.3% vs. 59%), and in Cyprus, where the gap exceeds 11.7 percentage points. In high-saturation markets like Denmark, female participation reaches 92%. Conversely, a another trend is present in a few countries, with North Macedonia showing the the highest opposite difference between male and female usage (9 percentage points), followed by Serbia with 3.6 percentage points difference."},
{"data": [{"data": [5, 7, 8, 8.5, 8.5, 9, 10.5, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12.5, 13.5, 15, 16.5, 18, 18.5, 18.5, 19, 21.5, 21.5, 23], "name": "% of Children (15 years old)"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "% of Children (15 years old)"], ["Spain", 5], ["Portugal", 7], ["Italy", 8], ["Netherlands", 8.5], ["France", 8.5], ["Greece", 9], ["Belgium", 10.5], ["Denmark", 12], ["Germany", 12], ["Austria", 12], ["Luxembourg", 12], ["Slovakia", 12.5], ["Czechia", 13.5], ["Sweden", 15], ["Finland", 16.5], ["Ireland", 18], ["Estonia", 18.5], ["Slovenia", 18.5], ["Hungary", 19], ["Latvia", 21.5], ["Poland", 21.5], ["Lithuania", 23]], "labels": {"values": ["Spain", "Portugal", "Italy", "Netherlands", "France", "Greece", "Belgium", "Denmark", "Germany", "Austria", "Luxembourg", "Slovakia", "Czechia", "Sweden", "Finland", "Ireland", "Estonia", "Slovenia", "Hungary", "Latvia", "Poland", "Lithuania"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/digital-well-being-hub.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Cyberbullying Prevalence (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "OECD Digital Well-being Survey", "source": "Digital Well-being Hub, OECD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "34", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart shows the percentages of children experiencing cyberbullying, in 2022, in 22 European Union members with the prevalence of children experiencing cyberbullying ranging from 5% in Spain to a high of 23% in Lithuania. A clear regional trend emerges: Southern European nations, including Portugal (7%) and Italy (8%), report significantly lower rates of cyberbullying, while the Baltic and Eastern European states, most notably Lithuania (23%), Poland (21.5%), and Latvia (21.5%), report the highest levels.\r\n <br />"},
{"data": [{"data": [7, 7, 9, 9, 12, 9, 12.2, 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, 16, 16, 14, 22, 19, 19, 22, 20, 24, 15], "name": "Female"}, {"data": [3, 7, 7, 8, 5, 9, 8.7, 13, 12, 11, 11, 12, 11, 14, 19, 14, 18, 18, 16, 23, 19, 31], "name": "Male"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Female", "Male"], ["Spain", 7, 3], ["Portugal", 7, 7], ["Italy", 9, 7], ["Netherlands", 9, 8], ["France", 12, 5], ["Greece", 9, 9], ["Belgium", 12.2, 8.7], ["Denmark", 11, 13], ["Germany", 12, 12], ["Austria", 13, 11], ["Luxembourg", 13, 11], ["Slovakia", 13, 12], ["Czechia", 16, 11], ["Sweden", 16, 14], ["Finland", 14, 19], ["Ireland", 22, 14], ["Estonia", 19, 18], ["Slovenia", 19, 18], ["Hungary", 22, 16], ["Poland", 20, 23], ["Latvia", 24, 19], ["Lithuania", 15, 31]], "labels": {"name": "GEO (Labels)", "values": ["Spain", "Portugal", "Italy", "Netherlands", "France", "Greece", "Belgium", "Denmark", "Germany", "Austria", "Luxembourg", "Slovakia", "Czechia", "Sweden", "Finland", "Ireland", "Estonia", "Slovenia", "Hungary", "Poland", "Latvia", "Lithuania"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/digital-well-being-hub.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Cyberbullying Prevalence by Gender (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "OECD Digital Well-being Survey", "source": "Digital Well-being Hub, OECD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "35", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows the percentage of children experiencing cyberbullying by gender in 2022 across 22 European Union member states. The data shows that digital harassment risks vary significantly by gender and national context."},
{"data": [{"data": [34.5, 37.4, 42.6, 43.1, 44.8, 46.5, 47.2, 51.3, 51.7, 52.8, 53, 54.1, 55.9, 59.1, 59.9, 61.4, 63.4, 64.6, 64.7, 64.7, 69.8, 70.7, 53.7, 69.2, 69.8], "name": "Individuals"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Individuals"], ["Greece", 34.5], ["Italy", 37.4], ["Austria", 42.6], ["Lithuania", 43.1], ["Germany", 44.8], ["Latvia", 46.5], ["Poland", 47.2], ["Hungary", 51.3], ["Portugal", 51.7], ["Slovenia", 52.8], ["France", 53], ["Slovakia", 54.1], ["Belgium", 55.9], ["Spain", 59.1], ["Estonia", 59.9], ["Czechia", 61.4], ["Luxembourg", 63.4], ["Denmark", 64.6], ["Sweden", 64.7], ["Ireland", 64.7], ["Finland", 69.8], ["Netherlands", 70.7], ["Switzerland", 53.7], ["Norway", 69.2], ["Iceland", 69.8]], "labels": {"name": "GEO (Labels)", "values": ["Greece", "Italy", "Austria", "Lithuania", "Germany", "Latvia", "Poland", "Hungary", "Portugal", "Slovenia", "France", "Slovakia", "Belgium", "Spain", "Estonia", "Czechia", "Luxembourg", "Denmark", "Sweden", "Ireland", "Finland", "Netherlands", "Switzerland", "Norway", "Iceland"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/digital-well-being-hub.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Exposure to Misinformation (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "Digital Well-being Survey OECD", "source": "Digital Well-being Hub, OECD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "36", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart shows the percentage of individuals who have seen untrue or doubtful information or content on internet news sites or social media, in 2022, across 22 European member states, EEA partners (Norway, Iceland), and Switzerland. Reported exposure to misinformation ranges from 34.5% in Greece to a high of 70.7% in the Netherlands. A clear regional trend emerges: Northern European and Nordic nations, including Finland (69.8%), Sweden (64.7%), and the Netherlands (70.7%), report the highest levels of exposure, while Southern European nations, specifically Greece (34.5%) and Italy (37.4%), report significantly lower encounters with doubtful information. \r\n<br />"},
{"data": [{"data": [37.7668, 39.5475, 44.2941, 45.1033, 47.8141, 49.5317, 51.1971, 53.656, 53.9215, 55.5768, 55.6556, 57.9738, 57.9748, 60.9614, 62.7096, 65.3122, 66.4207, 66.8857, 67.5716, 68.4898, 72.3681, 73.8359, 55.4449, 71.3908, 71.445], "name": "Age group 25 to 54/64"}, {"data": [13.8203, 13.7819, 20.57305, 20.748, 24.5712, 25.5081, 20.6731, 35.5441, 27.6064, 27.0391, 25.7567, 25.2322, 35.5365, 26.0269, 38.2906, 36.7612, 35.6154, 43.0506, 37.8548, 35.5554, 52.6405, 45.4484, 32.1296, 43.99995, 60.1254], "name": "Age group 55/65+"}, {"data": [41.5843, 46.1867, 48.7027, 60.5362, 51.7884, 55.8168, 61.4285, 58.418, 74.8647, 64.5032, 72.5534, 67.1105, 66.3461, 71.6864, 69.6437, 74.0543, 66.9999, 74.9837, 75.6797, 74.4091, 80.6864, 79.5959, 66.6978, 72.6655, 69.3294], "name": "Age group 16 to 24"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Age group 25 to 54/64", "Age group 55/65+", "Age group 16 to 24"], ["Greece", 37.7668, 13.8203, 41.5843], ["Italy", 39.5475, 13.7819, 46.1867], ["Austria", 44.2941, 20.57305, 48.7027], ["Lithuania", 45.1033, 20.748, 60.5362], ["Germany", 47.8141, 24.5712, 51.7884], ["Latvia", 49.5317, 25.5081, 55.8168], ["Poland", 51.1971, 20.6731, 61.4285], ["Hungary", 53.656, 35.5441, 58.418], ["France", 53.9215, 27.6064, 74.8647], ["Portugal", 55.5768, 27.0391, 64.5032], ["Slovenia", 55.6556, 25.7567, 72.5534], ["Slovakia", 57.9738, 25.2322, 67.1105], ["Belgium", 57.9748, 35.5365, 66.3461], ["Spain", 60.9614, 26.0269, 71.6864], ["Estonia", 62.7096, 38.2906, 69.6437], ["Luxembourg", 65.3122, 36.7612, 74.0543], ["Czechia", 66.4207, 35.6154, 66.9999], ["Denmark", 66.8857, 43.0506, 74.9837], ["Ireland", 67.5716, 37.8548, 75.6797], ["Sweden", 68.4898, 35.5554, 74.4091], ["Netherlands", 72.3681, 52.6405, 80.6864], ["Finland", 73.8359, 45.4484, 79.5959], ["Switzerland", 55.4449, 32.1296, 66.6978], ["Norway", 71.3908, 43.99995, 72.6655], ["Iceland", 71.445, 60.1254, 69.3294]], "labels": {"name": "GEO (Labels)", "values": ["Greece", "Italy", "Austria", "Lithuania", "Germany", "Latvia", "Poland", "Hungary", "France", "Portugal", "Slovenia", "Slovakia", "Belgium", "Spain", "Estonia", "Luxembourg", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Ireland", "Sweden", "Netherlands", "Finland", "Switzerland", "Norway", "Iceland"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/digital-well-being-hub.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Exposure to Misinformation: Breakdown by Age Group (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "Digital Well-being Survey OECD", "source": "Digital Well-being Hub, OECD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "37", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart shows the percentage of individuals who have seen untrue or doubtful information or content on internet news sites or social media in 2022, disaggregated by age groups (16-24, 25-54/64, and 55/65+) in Europe. The data reveal a stark \"generational information gap\" within the European digital space, with the youngest demographic (16-24) consistently reporting the highest exposure to doubtful content across every territory. Among this youth group, exposure to misinformation ranges from 41.6% in Greece to a peak of 80.7% in the Netherlands, suggesting that in highly digitised markets, encounter rates with doubtful information are nearly universal for young people."},
{"data": [{"data": [44.74, 46.74, 55.35, 66.85, 69.2, 69.71, 69.78, 71.49, 73.75, 74.06, 74.81, 75.53, 76.07, 81.19, 81.78, 83.71, 85.52, 85.94, 86.27, 92.35, 93.53, 96.9, 36.03, 59.82, 80.04, 93.9], "name": "Age group 25 to 54/64"}, {"data": [32.53, 22.45, 27.84, 42.75, 45.6, 45.09, 29.48, 40.15, 38.03, 39.62, 63.16, 61.8, 34.21, 39.79, 54.15, 66.33, 79.66, 60.11, 83.31, 65.06, 90.06, 86.49, 25.07, 54.78, 70.98, 88.36], "name": "Age group 55/65+"}, {"data": [42.78, 33.39, 29.35, 66.28, 66.29, 63.4, 56.14, 56.55, 62.4, 58.62, 58.54, 61.54, 65.57, 74.8, 83.21, 68.32, 74.76, 37.06, 77.51, 88.17, 88.42, 91.14, 26.76, 53, 64.81, 80.65], "name": "Age group 16 to 24"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Age group 25 to 54/64", "Age group 55/65+", "Age group 16 to 24"], ["Germany", 44.74, 32.53, 42.78], ["Italy", 46.74, 22.45, 33.39], ["Poland", 55.35, 27.84, 29.35], ["Slovakia", 66.85, 42.75, 66.28], ["Slovenia", 69.2, 45.6, 66.29], ["Czechia", 69.71, 45.09, 63.4], ["Spain", 69.78, 29.48, 56.14], ["Austria", 71.49, 40.15, 56.55], ["Portugal", 73.75, 38.03, 62.4], ["Greece", 74.06, 39.62, 58.62], ["France", 74.81, 63.16, 58.54], ["Belgium", 75.53, 61.8, 61.54], ["Latvia", 76.07, 34.21, 65.57], ["Lithuania", 81.19, 39.79, 74.8], ["Hungary", 81.78, 54.15, 83.21], ["Luxembourg", 83.71, 66.33, 68.32], ["Sweden", 85.52, 79.66, 74.76], ["Ireland", 85.94, 60.11, 37.06], ["Netherlands", 86.27, 83.31, 77.51], ["Estonia", 92.35, 65.06, 88.17], ["Denmark", 93.53, 90.06, 88.42], ["Finland", 96.9, 86.49, 91.14], ["United States", 36.03, 25.07, 26.76], ["United Kingdom", 59.82, 54.78, 53], ["Switzerland", 80.04, 70.98, 64.81], ["Norway", 93.9, 88.36, 80.65]], "labels": {"values": ["Germany", "Italy", "Poland", "Slovakia", "Slovenia", "Czechia", "Spain", "Austria", "Portugal", "Greece", "France", "Belgium", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Hungary", "Luxembourg", "Sweden", "Ireland", "Netherlands", "Estonia", "Denmark", "Finland", "United States", "United Kingdom", "Switzerland", "Norway"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/digital-well-being-hub.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2023", "title": "Digital Governance: Interacting with Public Authorities by Age (2023)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "Digital Well-being Survey OECD", "source": "Digital Well-being Hub, OECD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "38", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This chart shows the percentage of individuals using the internet for visiting or interacting with public authorities' websites, in 2023, in Europe, United States and United Kingdom. The data shows e-Government engagement ranging from high-saturation levels in the Nordics to significantly lower participation in Eastern Europe. A significant generational trend emerges: while the 25-54 age group typically leads engagement due to administrative requirements, youth (16-24) participation is remarkably inconsistent across borders."},
{"data": [{"data": [7.06, 7.74, 8.38, 9.44, 12.17, 12.31, 12.48, 12.97, 13.93, 15.37, 16.52, 16.67, 16.68, 18.78, 19.54, 20.56, 20.94, 23.41, 23.83, 25.69, 33.77, 39.13, 34.11], "name": "Individuals"}], "_data": [["GEO (Labels)", "Individuals"], ["Greece", 7.06], ["Poland", 7.74], ["Germany", 8.38], ["Estonia", 9.44], ["Slovenia", 12.17], ["Denmark", 12.31], ["Austria", 12.48], ["Latvia", 12.97], ["Hungary", 13.93], ["Italy", 15.37], ["Belgium", 16.52], ["Slovakia", 16.67], ["Netherlands", 16.68], ["Lithuania", 18.78], ["Czechia", 19.54], ["Luxembourg", 20.56], ["Sweden", 20.94], ["Finland", 23.41], ["France", 23.83], ["Ireland", 25.69], ["Portugal", 33.77], ["Spain", 39.13], ["Norway", 34.11]], "labels": {"name": "GEO (Labels)", "values": ["Greece", "Poland", "Germany", "Estonia", "Slovenia", "Denmark", "Austria", "Latvia", "Hungary", "Italy", "Belgium", "Slovakia", "Netherlands", "Lithuania", "Czechia", "Luxembourg", "Sweden", "Finland", "France", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Spain", "Norway"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/digital-well-being-hub.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Share of Population Who Had Issues When Using a Website or App of Public Authorities (2022)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "OECD Digital Well-being Survey", "source": "Digital Well-being Hub, OECD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "39", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart shows the percentage of individuals who had issues when using a website or app of public authorities (specifically reporting that the platform was difficult to use) in European Union and Norway. Reported difficulties range from 7.06% in Greece to 39.13% in Spain. This over five-fold difference suggests that the user experience of e-Government services varies widely based on national design standards, the complexity of administrative procedures, and the maturity of digital infrastructure. \r\nIn a regional context, highly digitised nations such as Norway (34.11%), Finland (23.41%), and France (23.83%) report surprisingly high levels of difficulty, potentially reflecting higher citizen usage of such websites and applications or more complex, multi-functional systems that offer more points of potential failure. Conversely, Baltic and Central European states like Estonia (9.44%) and Poland (7.74%) align with Germany (8.38%) in reporting relatively low user frustration, suggesting more streamlined or accessible digital public interfaces compared to the higher-friction environments observed in Ireland (25.7%) and Luxembourg (20.6%)."},
{"data": [{"data": [42, 39, 26, 25, 23], "name": "Value"}], "_data": [["Category", "Value"], ["Social media platforms (e.g. Instagram, TikTok, etc.)", 42], ["TV", 39], ["Online press and/or news platforms", 26], ["Friends, family, colleagues", 25], ["Video platform (e.g. YouTube, etc.)", 23]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Social media platforms (e.g. Instagram, TikTok, etc.)", "TV", "Online press and/or news platforms", "Friends, family, colleagues", "Video platform (e.g. YouTube, etc.)"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=96862", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Top-5 Main Sources of Information for Young People (16 to 30 Years Old), 2024", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "Eurobarometer survey", "source": "European Parliament Eurobarometer - Youth survey 2024", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "40", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows the top five main sources of information for young people aged 16 to 30. The data reveal a clear predominance of digital-first habits, with social media platforms (42%) such as Instagram and TikTok serving as the primary gateway to information for this demographic. This is followed closely by TV (39%), indicating that while digital platforms lead, traditional broadcast media still maintains a significant foothold in the daily lives of young adults. A significant trend emerges in the fragmentation of other sources: online press and news platforms (26%) trail social media by 16 percentage points, suggesting a shift away from direct news consumption toward algorithmically curated content. Friends, family, and colleagues (25%) remain a critical interpersonal source of information, while video platforms (23%) like YouTube solidify the importance of visual media as a primary information channel."},
{"data": [{"data": [6, 18, 39, 37], "name": "Value"}], "_data": [["Category", "Value"], ["No passive usage", 6], ["<1 hour a day", 18], ["1-3 hours a day", 39], [">3 hours a day", 37]], "labels": {"values": ["No passive usage", "<1 hour a day", "1-3 hours a day", ">3 hours a day"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Daily Passive Social Media Use: 15-Year-Olds (2022)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "41", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows the distribution of time spent on passive social media activities, such as scrolling through feeds or browsing content, by 15-year-olds on a typical weekday. The data reveal that passive engagement is a near-universal habit for this demographic, with only 6% of adolescents reporting no usage at all. The majority of students fall into the moderate-to-heavy usage categories, with 39% spending between one and three hours daily on these platforms. 37% of 15-year-olds spend more than three hours per day engaged in passive scrolling. 94% of 15-year-olds are daily participants in passive digital consumption."},
{"data": [{"data": [16, 30, 28, 26], "name": "Value"}], "_data": [["Category", "Value"], ["No active usage", 16], ["<1 hour a day", 30], ["1-3 hours a day", 28], [">3 hours a day", 26]], "labels": {"values": ["No active usage", "<1 hour a day", "1-3 hours a day", ">3 hours a day"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Daily Active Social Media Use: 15-Year-Olds (2022)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "42", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows the distribution of time spent on active social media activities, such as messaging, posting content, or sharing media, by 15-year-olds on a typical weekday. The data reveal that active participation remains a dominant behaviour for the vast majority of youth, with 84% of adolescents reporting daily active usage."},
{"data": [{"data": [13, 30, 30, 27], "name": "Male"}, {"data": [18, 31, 26, 25], "name": "Female"}], "_data": [["Category", "Male", "Female"], ["No active usage", 13, 18], ["<1 hour a day", 30, 31], ["1-3 hours a day", 30, 26], [">3 hours a day", 27, 25]], "labels": {"values": ["No active usage", "<1 hour a day", "1-3 hours a day", ">3 hours a day"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Daily Active Social Media Use: 15-Year-Olds by Gender (2022)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "43", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows the distribution of time spent on active social media activities, such as messaging and posting content, by 15-year-olds on a typical weekday, by gender. Active digital participation is a near-universal behaviour for both genders, with 87% of males and 82% of females engaging in active social media use daily. Notably, a higher percentage of females (18%) report no active usage compared to their male counterparts (13%)."},
{"data": [{"data": [4, 15, 40, 42], "name": "Male"}, {"data": [7, 22, 38, 32], "name": "Female"}], "_data": [["Category", "Male", "Female"], ["No passive usage", 4, 7], ["<1 hour a day", 15, 22], ["1-3 hours a day", 40, 38], [">3 hours a day", 42, 32]], "labels": {"values": ["No passive usage", "<1 hour a day", "1-3 hours a day", ">3 hours a day"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Daily Passive Social Media Use: 15-Year-Olds by Gender (2022)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "44", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart shows the distribution of time spent on passive social media activities, such as scrolling or browsing, by 15-year-olds on a typical weekday, divided by gender. The data reveal that passive consumption is a near-universal behaviour for both genders. Only a small minority of both genders report no passive usage at all. A significant trend emerges in the \"high intensity\" category: 42% of males spend more than three hours per day passively consuming content, compared to 32% of females."},
{"data": [{"data": [39, 32, 34, 38, 43], "name": "Male"}, {"data": [65, 58, 59, 63, 70], "name": "Female"}], "_data": [["Category", "Male", "Female"], ["Total", 39, 65], ["No usage", 32, 58], ["<1 hour a day", 34, 59], ["1-3 hours a day", 38, 63], [">3 hours a day", 43, 70]], "labels": {"values": ["Total", "No usage", "<1 hour a day", "1-3 hours a day", ">3 hours a day"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Estimated Probabilities of 15-Year-Olds Experiencing Poor Mental Health (Depression) by Gender and Time Spent on Social Media (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "regression analysis based on the 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "45", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart presents the results of a regression analysis based on countries that took both the ICT and the well-being PISA 2022 survey modules: Hungary, Ireland, Slovenia and Spain, covering a representative sample of 40,102 15-year-old students in 1,743 schools in Europe. It indicates that the correlation between time spent using social media and mental health is relatively consistent across genders, with both male and female adolescents reporting higher rates of depression and anxiety as social media usage increases. Yet, other factors other than time spent, or combinations of multiple factors, are likely to influence the relationship between the use of social media and mental health outcomes."},
{"data": [{"data": [45, 39, 39, 45, 49], "name": "Male"}, {"data": [70, 62, 67, 70, 74], "name": "Female"}], "_data": [["Category", "Male", "Female"], ["Total", 45, 70], ["No usage", 39, 62], ["<1 hour a day", 39, 67], ["1-3 hours a day", 45, 70], ["<3 hours a day", 49, 74]], "labels": {"values": ["Total", "No usage", "<1 hour a day", "1-3 hours a day", "<3 hours a day"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Estimated Probabilities of 15-Year-Olds Experiencing Poor Mental Health (Anxiety) by Gender and Time Spent on Social Media (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "regression analysis based on 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "46", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart presents the results of a regression analysis based on countries that took both the ICT and the well-being PISA 2022 survey modules: Hungary, Ireland, Slovenia and Spain, covering a representative sample of 40,102 15-year-old students in 1,743 schools in Europe. It indicates that the correlation between time spent using social media and mental health is relatively consistent across genders, with both male and female adolescents reporting higher rates of depression and anxiety as social media usage increases. Yet, other factors other than time spent, or combinations of multiple factors, are likely to influence the relationship between the use of social media and mental health outcomes."},
{"data": [{"data": [47, 60, 35], "name": "Depression"}, {"data": [53, 65, 41], "name": "Anxiety"}], "_data": [["Category", "Depression", "Anxiety"], ["Total", 47, 53], ["Female", 60, 65], ["Male", 35, 41]], "labels": {"values": ["Total", "Female", "Male"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC141047", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Mental Health in 15-Year-Olds by Gender (2022)", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) - PISA 2022 survey well being module (Hungary, Ireland, Slovenia and Spain)", "source": "Social media usage and adolescents’ mental health in the EU, JRC, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "47", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "The chart shows the share of 15-year-olds experiencing poor mental health, specifically symptoms of depression and anxiety, disaggregated by gender. In 2022, nearly half of all adolescents (47%) report symptoms of depression and over half (53%) struggle with anxiety. Female adolescents report higher rates of mental health struggles, with 60% experiencing depression and 65% experiencing anxiety."},
{"data": [{"data": [33.85, 37.53, 37.79, 37.98, 38.53, 38.53, 39.82, 40.26, 40.53, 41.53, 43.67, 45.55, 46.21, 46.23, 47.31, 47.65, 48.38, 49.78, "51.50", 52.55, 57.62], "name": "Low socio-economic status"}, {"data": [43.28, "45.70", 42.84, "43.80", 43.98, 42.94, 48.92, 50.74, 48.61, 49.36, "48.20", 51.88, 50.73, 53.64, 51.16, "53.10", 53.65, 53.28, 54.76, 58.01, 61.11], "name": "Medium socio-economic status"}, {"data": [51.42, 53.11, "50.50", 54.61, 44.99, 47.81, 59.26, 59.62, 56.95, 57.63, 55.35, "59.30", 56.92, "61.30", 56.47, 59.12, 62.33, 56.32, 62.18, "66.30", 64.46], "name": "High socio-economic status"}], "_data": [["Country", "Low socio-economic status", "Medium socio-economic status", "High socio-economic status"], ["Slovakia", 33.85, 43.28, 51.42], ["Poland", 37.53, "45.70", 53.11], ["Slovenia", 37.79, 42.84, "50.50"], ["Greece", 37.98, "43.80", 54.61], ["Czechia", 38.53, 43.98, 44.99], ["Sweden", 38.53, 42.94, 47.81], ["Hungary", 39.82, 48.92, 59.26], ["Türkiye", 40.26, 50.74, 59.62], ["Austria", 40.53, 48.61, 56.95], ["Lithuania", 41.53, 49.36, 57.63], ["Estonia", 43.67, "48.20", 55.35], ["Finland", 45.55, 51.88, "59.30"], ["Italy", 46.21, 50.73, 56.92], ["Germany", 46.23, 53.64, "61.30"], ["Switzerland", 47.31, 51.16, 56.47], ["Belgium", 47.65, "53.10", 59.12], ["Latvia", 48.38, 53.65, 62.33], ["Spain", 49.78, 53.28, 56.32], ["Denmark", "51.50", 54.76, 62.18], ["United Kingdom", 52.55, 58.01, "66.30"], ["Ireland", 57.62, 61.11, 64.46]], "labels": {"values": ["Slovakia", "Poland", "Slovenia", "Greece", "Czechia", "Sweden", "Hungary", "Türkiye", "Austria", "Lithuania", "Estonia", "Finland", "Italy", "Germany", "Switzerland", "Belgium", "Latvia", "Spain", "Denmark", "United Kingdom", "Ireland"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-s-life-for-children-in-the-digital-age_0854b900-en/full-report/how-children-use-digital-media_a8d3a6d0.html#title-bdc072d429", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Percentage of 15-Year-Olds Who Can Easily Change Settings of a Device (App) To Protect Their Data and Privacy, by Socio-Economic Status, 2022", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, How's Life for Children in the Digital Age?, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "48.0", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "Data from the OECD's 'How's Life for Children in the Digital Age?' report, published in 2025, shows that 51% of 15-year-olds can easily manage digital privacy settings, and that this ability is closely linked to socio-economic status (SES). High-SES teenagers consistently report higher technical agency than their low-SES peers, and this divide is evident across all analysed European countries. Ireland demonstrates the highest overall proficiency (64.5%), while Slovakia reports the lowest for low-SES students (33.8%). The socioeconomic gap is particularly acute in Hungary and Greece, where high-SES teenagers outperform their low-SES peers by almost 20 percentage points. This highlights significant inequalities in children's ability to mitigate digital privacy risks based on their socioeconomic status across Europe."},
{"data": [{"data": [55.4, 60.2, 63.7, 67.4, 69.5, 72.7, 74.4, "76.0", "76.0", 76.4, 76.5, 77.9, 78.2, 78.3, 78.4, 78.6, 79.1, 80.1], "name": "Create or edit their own digital content"}, {"data": ["92.0", 84.3, 96.1, 92.9, 85.8, 96.3, 89.5, 93.7, 92.5, 88.3, "80.0", "88.0", 89.2, 93.8, "94.0", 87.4, 89.8, 91.7], "name": "Communicate and share digital content on social networks"}, {"data": ["81.0", 81.2, 85.7, 89.2, 83.9, 80.5, 86.1, 86.1, 78.7, "82.0", 79.7, 85.1, 77.3, 86.6, 85.4, "81.0", 84.4, 80.4], "name": "Play video-games"}, {"data": [70.6, 77.9, 74.8, "77.0", 76.5, 78.4, 74.3, 80.5, 85.8, "74.0", 81.8, 86.3, 80.6, 89.2, 81.9, 82.3, 84.5, 78.2], "name": "To learn how to do something"}, {"data": [79.2, 75.7, 89.7, 85.8, "85.0", 86.7, 89.6, 88.1, 88.3, 84.8, "89.0", 82.8, 87.3, 91.9, "89.0", 85.8, 85.5, 85.5], "name": "Look for practical information online"}, {"data": [97.6, 96.5, "98.0", 96.6, 94.2, 96.2, "97.0", 96.2, 94.8, 97.3, 96.7, 95.8, 96.7, 95.5, 96.4, "97.0", 95.7, 96.8], "name": "Browse social networks"}, {"data": [94.1, 96.3, 96.1, 96.3, 96.3, 96.2, 97.6, 96.4, 94.7, "95.0", 96.3, 96.7, 94.3, 96.8, 97.2, 96.4, 96.6, 94.4], "name": "Browse the Internet (excl. social networks) for fun"}], "_data": [["Country", "Create or edit their own digital content", "Communicate and share digital content on social networks", "Play video-games", "To learn how to do something", "Look for practical information online", "Browse social networks", "Browse the Internet (excl. social networks) for fun"], ["Ireland", 55.4, "92.0", "81.0", 70.6, 79.2, 97.6, 94.1], ["Spain", 60.2, 84.3, 81.2, 77.9, 75.7, 96.5, 96.3], ["Denmark", 63.7, 96.1, 85.7, 74.8, 89.7, "98.0", 96.1], ["Sweden", 67.4, 92.9, 89.2, "77.0", 85.8, 96.6, 96.3], ["Germany", 69.5, 85.8, 83.9, 76.5, "85.0", 94.2, 96.3], ["Austria", 72.7, 96.3, 80.5, 78.4, 86.7, 96.2, 96.2], ["Finland", 74.4, 89.5, 86.1, 74.3, 89.6, "97.0", 97.6], ["Hungary", "76.0", 93.7, 86.1, 80.5, 88.1, 96.2, 96.4], ["Slovakia", "76.0", 92.5, 78.7, 85.8, 88.3, 94.8, 94.7], ["Belgium", 76.4, 88.3, "82.0", "74.0", 84.8, 97.3, "95.0"], ["Czechia", 76.5, "80.0", 79.7, 81.8, "89.0", 96.7, 96.3], ["Lithuania", 77.9, "88.0", 85.1, 86.3, 82.8, 95.8, 96.7], ["Slovenia", 78.2, 89.2, 77.3, 80.6, 87.3, 96.7, 94.3], ["Poland", 78.3, 93.8, 86.6, 89.2, 91.9, 95.5, 96.8], ["Estonia", 78.4, "94.0", 85.4, 81.9, "89.0", 96.4, 97.2], ["Italy", 78.6, 87.4, "81.0", 82.3, 85.8, "97.0", 96.4], ["Latvia", 79.1, 89.8, 84.4, 84.5, 85.5, 95.7, 96.6], ["Greece", 80.1, 91.7, 80.4, 78.2, 85.5, 96.8, 94.4]], "labels": {"values": ["Ireland", "Spain", "Denmark", "Sweden", "Germany", "Austria", "Finland", "Hungary", "Slovakia", "Belgium", "Czechia", "Lithuania", "Slovenia", "Poland", "Estonia", "Italy", "Latvia", "Greece"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-s-life-for-children-in-the-digital-age_0854b900-en/full-report/how-children-use-digital-media_a8d3a6d0.html#title-b2cb19832d", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Percentage of 15-Year-Old Students Using Digital Devices During a Typical Week by Type of Leisure Activity, 2022", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, How's Life for Children in the Digital Age?, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "49.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This table shows the percentage of 15-year-olds in European countries who engage in various digital leisure and functional activities (namely: create or edit their own digital content, communicate and share digital content on social networks, play video-games, learn how to do something, look for practical information online, browse social networks, browse the Internet - excluding social networks - for fun). Social networking and leisure browsing dominate digital activity among EU 15-year-olds, with participation consistently exceeding 94% across all analysed countries. Content creation shows the greatest variance: countries such as Greece (80.1%) and Latvia (79.1%) significantly outperform the OECD average of 69%, in stark contrast to Ireland's lower rate of 55.4%. Furthermore, approximately 89% of students in Poland and Estonia use the internet for functional purposes, such as learning new skills or seeking practical information. This highlights a notable shift from passive consumption to active, goal-oriented engagement in Central and Southern Europe."},
{"data": [{"data": [73.44, 96.3, 96.33, 96.71, 97, 97.48, 97.64, 97.69, 97.78, 97.85, 97.94, 98.23, 98.39, 98.51, 98.54, 98.62, 98.64, 98.78, 98.81, 98.88, 98.89, 98.98, 99.12, 99.14, 99.18, 99.27], "name": "Low socio-economic status"}, {"data": [91.51, 98.55, 99.19, 98.94, 99.18, 99.03, 98.32, 99.48, 99.43, 99.04, 99.42, 99.55, 99.49, 99.27, 99.33, 98.88, 99.31, 99.63, 99.68, 99.55, 99.63, 99.12, 99.64, 99.88, 99.71, 99.63], "name": "Medium socio-economic status"}, {"data": [96.6, 99.16, 99.71, 98.32, 99.34, 99.55, 99.48, 99.81, 99.7, 99.37, 99.84, 99.79, 99.6, 99.68, 99.64, 99.32, 99.79, 100, 99.62, 99.88, 99.93, 99.59, 99.77, 99.84, 99.81, 99.76], "name": "High socio-economic status"}], "_data": [["Country", "Low socio-economic status", "Medium socio-economic status", "High socio-economic status"], ["Türkiye", 73.44, 91.51, 96.6], ["France", 96.3, 98.55, 99.16], ["Slovak Republic", 96.33, 99.19, 99.71], ["Greece", 96.71, 98.94, 98.32], ["Latvia", 97, 99.18, 99.34], ["Estonia", 97.48, 99.03, 99.55], ["United Kingdom", 97.64, 98.32, 99.48], ["Norway", 97.69, 99.48, 99.81], ["Germany", 97.78, 99.43, 99.7], ["Spain", 97.85, 99.04, 99.37], ["Portugal", 97.94, 99.42, 99.84], ["Iceland", 98.23, 99.55, 99.79], ["Czech Republic", 98.39, 99.49, 99.6], ["Belgium", 98.51, 99.27, 99.68], ["Hungary", 98.54, 99.33, 99.64], ["Switzerland", 98.62, 98.88, 99.32], ["Sweden", 98.64, 99.31, 99.79], ["Ireland", 98.78, 99.63, 100], ["Lithuania", 98.81, 99.68, 99.62], ["Finland", 98.88, 99.55, 99.88], ["Austria", 98.89, 99.63, 99.93], ["Slovenia", 98.98, 99.12, 99.59], ["Netherlands", 99.12, 99.64, 99.77], ["Denmark", 99.14, 99.88, 99.84], ["Italy", 99.18, 99.71, 99.81], ["Poland", 99.27, 99.63, 99.76]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["Türkiye", "France", "Slovak Republic", "Greece", "Latvia", "Estonia", "United Kingdom", "Norway", "Germany", "Spain", "Portugal", "Iceland", "Czech Republic", "Belgium", "Hungary", "Switzerland", "Sweden", "Ireland", "Lithuania", "Finland", "Austria", "Slovenia", "Netherlands", "Denmark", "Italy", "Poland"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-s-life-for-children-in-the-digital-age_0854b900-en/full-report/how-children-use-digital-media_a8d3a6d0.html#title-fc5be6b4d1", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Percentage of 15-years old Having Their Own Smartphone by Socio-Economic Status, 2022", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, How's Life for Children in the Digital Age?, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "51.0", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This data illustrates the near-universal level of smartphone ownership among 15-year-olds in Europe, emphasising the minimal disparity between socioeconomic groups across Europe.\r\nBy the age of 15, owning a smartphone has become the norm across Europe, with an average ownership rate of 98%, and minimal disparities between socioeconomic tiers in most member states. In countries such as Poland, Denmark and Ireland, access is almost universal regardless of background, reflecting a shift whereby social disadvantage is no longer defined by a lack of hardware, but by the ability to manage and limit its use. However, significant economic barriers persist on the European Union's periphery. In Turkey, for example, there is still a 23 percentage point gap between low-socioeconomic status (73.4%) and high-socioeconomic status (96.6%) teenagers, indicating that universal access is not yet a global reality."},
{"data": [{"data": [16.81, 50.31, 60.34, 60.41, 62.19, 65.06, 69.85, 75.51, 76.54, 77.83, 81.54, 83.18, 87.76, 91.47, 91.67, 91.78, 92.31, 93.54, 96.69], "name": "Low socio-economic status"}, {"data": [29.14, 39.19, 61.09, "42.40", "49.10", 48.44, 83.26, 64.45, 52.56, 72.08, 68.82, 88.72, 91.71, 94.38, 96.49, 96.36, 94.87, 95.91, 98.33], "name": "Medium socio-economic status"}, {"data": [41.78, "23.20", "53.30", 26.79, 33.76, 31.66, 82.83, 53.46, 29.18, 66.62, 59.94, 81.23, 88.17, 92.85, 95.06, 97.85, 93.91, 95.47, 98.09], "name": "High socio-economic status"}], "_data": [["Country", "Low socio-economic status", "Medium socio-economic status", "High socio-economic status"], ["Türkiye", 16.81, 29.14, 41.78], ["France", 50.31, 39.19, "23.20"], ["Portugal", 60.34, 61.09, "53.30"], ["Spain", 60.41, "42.40", 26.79], ["Italy", 62.19, "49.10", 33.76], ["Belgium", 65.06, 48.44, 31.66], ["Slovakia", 69.85, 83.26, 82.83], ["Germany", 75.51, 64.45, 53.46], ["Ireland", 76.54, 52.56, 29.18], ["Slovenia", 77.83, 72.08, 66.62], ["Austria", 81.54, 68.82, 59.94], ["Hungary", 83.18, 88.72, 81.23], ["Czechia", 87.76, 91.71, 88.17], ["Poland", 91.47, 94.38, 92.85], ["Sweden", 91.67, 96.49, 95.06], ["Latvia", 91.78, 96.36, 97.85], ["Denmark", 92.31, 94.87, 93.91], ["Norway", 93.54, 95.91, 95.47], ["Finland", 96.69, 98.33, 98.09]], "labels": {"values": ["Türkiye", "France", "Portugal", "Spain", "Italy", "Belgium", "Slovakia", "Germany", "Ireland", "Slovenia", "Austria", "Hungary", "Czechia", "Poland", "Sweden", "Latvia", "Denmark", "Norway", "Finland"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/how-s-life-for-children-in-the-digital-age_0854b900-en/full-report/how-children-use-digital-media_a8d3a6d0.html#title-fc5be6b4d1", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021", "title": "Percentage of 10-years old Having Their Own Smartphone by Socio-Economic Status, 2021", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "", "source": "OECD, How's Life for Children in the Digital Age?, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "52.0", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This data reveals an 'inverse digital divide', showing the varying rates of smartphone ownership among 10-year-olds across Europe. While nearly all 10-year-olds in Northern Europe own a smartphone regardless of background (e.g. over 95 per cent in Finland and Norway), a stark socioeconomic reversal emerges in Western and Southern Europe. In Ireland, Belgium, Spain and France, children from low-SES families are more than twice as likely to own a smartphone as those from high-SES families, whose parents may be more inclined to delay purchase. Conversely, Turkey remains an outlier, with the lowest overall penetration rate, and a traditional divide, whereby high-SES children have significantly greater access (41.8% versus 16.8%). This highlights that early smartphone use is influenced by both national norms and domestic management strategies."},
{"data": [{"data": [0, 4, 12, 38, 56, 84, 92, 88], "name": "16 years old - generic account"}, {"data": [0, 0, 2, 16, 46, 40, 48, 64], "name": "18 years old - generic account"}, {"data": [2, 8, 36, 42, 42, 56, 52, 58], "name": "16 years old - manosphere-curious account"}, {"data": [0, 0, 0, 8, 44, 44, 52, 76], "name": "18 years old - manosphere-curious account"}], "_data": [["Exposure Progression", "16 years old - generic account", "18 years old - generic account", "16 years old - manosphere-curious account", "18 years old - manosphere-curious account"], ["Stage 1", 0, 0, 2, 0], ["Stage 2", 4, 0, 8, 0], ["Stage 3", 12, 2, 36, 0], ["Stage 4", 38, 16, 42, 8], ["Stage 5", 56, 46, 42, 44], ["Stage 6", 84, 40, 56, 44], ["Stage 7", 92, 48, 52, 52], ["Stage 8", 88, 64, 58, 76]], "labels": {"name": "Exposure Progression", "values": ["Stage 1", "Stage 2", "Stage 3", "Stage 4", "Stage 5", "Stage 6", "Stage 7", "Stage 8"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://doras.dcu.ie/31681/1/DCU_Recommending_Toxicity_Summary_Report_FV%2812%29.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "The Role of Algorithmic Recommender Functions TikTok in Promoting Male Supremacist Influencers", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "data collection", "source": "Summary Report: Recommending Toxicity: The role of algorithmic recommender functions on TikTok in promoting male supremacist influencers, Dublin City University", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "53.0", "geographical": "Ireland"}, "description": "Note: Stages represent the exposure progression, or cumulative viewing intervals, with Stage 5 occurring after approximately 400 videos or 2–3 hours of platform engagement.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis table tracks the \"rabbit hole\" effect of social media algorithms by measuring the percentage of toxic/manosphere content recommended to experimental accounts over five progressive rounds of viewing.\r\nConducted by Dublin City University (2024) in Ireland, the study utilised ten experimental accounts on blank smartphones to simulate the digital experiences of 16 and 18-year-old males on TikTok. The researchers tested two distinct user profiles: (1) generic (Gen) accounts seeking \"gender-normative\" interests like sports, gym content, and gaming; and manosphere-curious (MC) accounts actively seeking \"manfluencer\" content (e.g., Andrew Tate, anti-feminist topics). Researchers manually coded over 29 hours of video to identify the frequency of toxic or male-supremacist recommendations.\r\nThe data demonstrates a rapid escalation in toxic recommendations across all profiles. While most accounts began with 0% toxic recommendations at stage 1, the algorithmic \"recommender functions\" quickly pivoted: by Round 5, the 16-year-old Generic account (Gen) saw the highest saturation, with 56% of all recommended content being classified as toxic; accounts that initially showed interest in manosphere content (MC) were targeted more aggressively in earlier rounds (e.g., the 16 MC accounts hit 36% toxicity by Round 3). Regardless of whether the initial intent was \"generic\" or \"curious,\" all accounts were fed toxic content within the first 23–26 minutes of use, eventually resulting in a majority-toxic feed by the end of the experiment."},
{"data": [{"data": [71, 43, 41, 40, 40, 40, 26, 15, 9, 6, 3, 3, 1], "name": "Percentage"}], "_data": [["Category", "Percentage"], ["TV", 71], ["Radio", 43], ["Printed newspapers and magazines or their online versions", 41], ["Search engines (e.g. Google Search or Bing)", 40], ["Social media platforms (e.g. Instagram; TikTok; Facebook; X; etc.)", 40], ["Friends; family; colleagues", 40], ["Video platforms (e.g. YouTube; etc.)", 26], ["Podcasts", 15], ["AI chatbots (e.g. Chat GPT; Google Gemini; Perplexity; etc.)", 9], ["School teachers or university lecturers", 6], ["Other", 3], ["I don’t look for any information on this subject", 3], ["Don’t know", 1]], "labels": {"values": ["TV", "Radio", "Printed newspapers and magazines or their online versions", "Search engines (e.g. Google Search or Bing)", "Social media platforms (e.g. Instagram; TikTok; Facebook; X; etc.)", "Friends; family; colleagues", "Video platforms (e.g. YouTube; etc.)", "Podcasts", "AI chatbots (e.g. Chat GPT; Google Gemini; Perplexity; etc.)", "School teachers or university lecturers", "Other", "I don’t look for any information on this subject", "Don’t know"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=100969", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Preferred information sources for social and political current affairs", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "Flash Eurobarometer Social Media Survey 2025, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "54.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This table shows the percentage of people who prefer to get their information about social and political current affairs from the sources listed. TV remains the dominant medium, with 71% of respondents identifying it as a primary source. A significant secondary cluster of sources is closely followed, with nearly equal preference levels: radio (43%), the printed or online press (41%), search engines (40%), social media platforms (40%) and personal networks such as friends and family (40%).\r\nDigital-specific and emerging formats are less popular overall, with video platforms cited by 26% of respondents, followed by podcasts (15%) and AI chatbots (9%). Formal institutional sources, such as school teachers or university lecturers, are among the least popular options, with a mere 6% preference. The data indicates a clear hierarchy in which traditional broadcast media still lead, while a broad range of digital and interpersonal sources have consolidated around a 40% share of public preference."},
{"data": [{"data": [44, 43, 33, 32, 31, 26, 26, 21, 18, 12, 10, 6, 6, 5], "name": "Percentage of children"}], "_data": [["Category", "Percentage of children"], ["TikTok", 44], ["X (Twitter)", 43], ["Facebook", 33], ["Snapchat", 32], ["Instagram", 31], ["YouTube", 26], ["Reddit", 26], ["Telegram", 21], ["WhatsApp", 18], ["Discord", 12], ["Facebook Messenger", 10], ["Android Message", 6], ["Twitch", 6], ["iMessage", 5]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["TikTok", "X (Twitter)", "Facebook", "Snapchat", "Instagram", "YouTube", "Reddit", "Telegram", "WhatsApp", "Discord", "Facebook Messenger", "Android Message", "Twitch", "iMessage"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://youthendowmentfund.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CVV24_R2_Online.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "The proportion of children using social media platforms who have seen violent content", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "Children, violence and vulnerability 2024 - What role does social media play in violence affecting young people?, Youth Endowment Fund", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "55.0", "geographical": "England and Wales"}, "description": "This table shows the percentage of children using various social media and messaging platforms who have encountered violent content. Exposure is most prevalent on TikTok (44%) and X (43%), with nearly half of young users on these platforms reporting that they have seen such material. Around one-third of children encounter violent content on Facebook (33%), Snapchat (32%) and Instagram (31%). Moderate exposure levels are reported on community and video sites such as YouTube and Reddit (both 26%), with lower rates observed on private messaging services like WhatsApp (18%) and Discord (12%). The lowest reported exposure rates occur on specialised communication and streaming tools, including Twitch (6%) and iMessage (5%). The data indicates a clear hierarchy of risk, with public, algorithmically driven platforms showing significantly higher rates of exposure to violent content than private messaging apps."},
{"data": [{"data": [70, 56, 43, 38, 38, 35, 33, 33, 29, 27], "name": "Share of 13-17-years-old"}], "_data": [["Category", "Share of 13-17-years-old"], ["Any violence", 70], ["Fights involving young people", 56], ["Threats to beat up young people", 43], ["Other violent content", 38], ["Young people using illegal drugs", 38], ["Young people carrying, promoting or using weapons", 35], ["Young people promoting illegal drugs", 33], ["Young people in or promoting gangs", 33], ["Glorifying previous attacks of young people", 29], ["Sexually violent content or threats", 27]], "labels": {"values": ["Any violence", "Fights involving young people", "Threats to beat up young people", "Other violent content", "Young people using illegal drugs", "Young people carrying, promoting or using weapons", "Young people promoting illegal drugs", "Young people in or promoting gangs", "Glorifying previous attacks of young people", "Sexually violent content or threats"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://youthendowmentfund.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CVV24_R2_Online.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Proportion of 13–17-years-old who have seen different types of violent content on social media in the past 12 months", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "data collection", "source": "Children, violence and vulnerability 2024 - What role does social media play in violence affecting young people?, Youth Endowment Fund", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "56.0", "geographical": "England and Wales"}, "description": "This table shows the prevalence of specific violent and illegal content that 13- to 17-year-olds have encountered online. A total of 70% of children report having seen some form of violence, with fights involving young people (56%) and threats of physical harm (43%) being the most commonly reported experiences. Significant exposure to illegal or high-risk activities was also reported, with 38% of young people seeing content related to illegal drug use and 35% seeing the carrying or use of weapons. Furthermore, 33% of respondents report seeing the promotion of gangs or illegal drugs. Even the least prevalent categories, such as glorifying previous attacks (29%) and sexually violent content (27%), affect over a quarter of those surveyed, highlighting widespread exposure to various digital risks."},
{"data": [{"data": [64, 35, 23, 23, 23, 16, 16, 11, 6, 3], "name": "Share of children"}], "_data": [["Category", "Share of children"], ["Any role", 64], ["Social media didn't play any role", 35], ["An online fight or argument led to in-person violence", 23], ["Comments or posts online made an in-person argument worse", 23], ["People felt safer saying things online they wouldn't say face-to-face", 23], ["Someone tagged people in a post, pulling them into a conflict", 16], ["Someone live-streamed a fight, which led to more violence", 16], ["Online mocking or bullying between groups led to in-person violence", 11], ["Discrimination or hate speech online led to in-person violence", 6], ["Personal information was posted online (doxing)", 3]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Any role", "Social media didn't play any role", "An online fight or argument led to in-person violence", "Comments or posts online made an in-person argument worse", "People felt safer saying things online they wouldn't say face-to-face", "Someone tagged people in a post, pulling them into a conflict", "Someone live-streamed a fight, which led to more violence", "Online mocking or bullying between groups led to in-person violence", "Discrimination or hate speech online led to in-person violence", "Personal information was posted online (doxing)"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://youthendowmentfund.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CVV24_R2_Online.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Proportion of children who have perpetrated violence who say that social media has played a role", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "data collection", "source": "Children, violence and vulnerability 2024 - What role does social media play in violence affecting young people?, Youth Endowment Fund", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "57.0", "geographical": "England and Wales"}, "description": "This table illustrates the influence of social media mechanisms on adolescent violence. While 35% of respondents report no connection, a significant 64% of perpetrators cite digital triggers as the main cause of their behaviour. The data reveal that the most common catalysts for physical aggression are online arguments (23%) and 'online disinhibition,'  whereby children feel safer saying things they would not say face-to-face (23%). Furthermore, features such as tagging peers into conflicts and live-streaming fights demonstrate how platform design can be used to broadcast and intensify violence, transforming digital disputes into real-world harm."},
{"data": [{"data": [49, 40, 34, 29, 25, 24, 18, 14, 10, 4], "name": "Percentage"}], "_data": [["Category", "Percentage"], ["Cross-check it with other sources of information to see if they are saying the same thing", 49], ["Look at who posted it to check if it's from a trusted/distrusted source", 40], ["Check if it's recent news, not an old story being shared again", 34], ["Check the comments to see what other people are saying about it", 29], ["Check if the pictures or videos look real or fake", 25], ["Look out for spelling or grammar mistakes", 24], ["Ask people you trust what they think", 18], ["Use a fact-checking tool or website", 14], ["I don't do anything to verify the information", 10], ["Don’t know", 4]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Cross-check it with other sources of information to see if they are saying the same thing", "Look at who posted it to check if it's from a trusted/distrusted source", "Check if it's recent news, not an old story being shared again", "Check the comments to see what other people are saying about it", "Check if the pictures or videos look real or fake", "Look out for spelling or grammar mistakes", "Ask people you trust what they think", "Use a fact-checking tool or website", "I don't do anything to verify the information", "Don’t know"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=100969", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "When you're unsure whether a piece of information on social media is disinformation, what do you typically do?", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "Flash Eurobarometer Social Media Survey 2025, 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "58.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This table illustrates the typical verification strategies employed by European citizens when encountering suspected disinformation on social media across European member states in 2022. Almost half of European citizens (49%) rely on cross-referencing information to verify social media content. However, specialised fact-checking tools are significantly underutilised, with only 14% of people using them. This 'verification gap' suggests that most users rely on informal peer feedback rather than professional infrastructure to navigate digital falsehoods."},
{"data": [{"data": [20, 18, 18, 16, 16, 14, 14, 12, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4], "name": "Girl"}, {"data": [13, 17, 11, 13, 9, 16, 14, 10, 11, 10, 8, 7, 6, 14, 9.5, 11, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 12, 9, 9, 8, 7, 7, 4, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 4, 10], "name": "Boy"}], "_data": [["Country", "Girl", "Boy"], ["England", 20, 13], ["Romania", 18, 17], ["Malta", 18, 11], ["Lithuania", 16, 13], ["Scotland", 16, 9], ["Bulgaria", 14, 16], ["Italy", 14, 14], ["Wales", 12, 10], ["Republic of Moldova", 10, 11], ["Cyprus", 10, 10], ["Germany", 10, 8], ["Poland", 10, 7], ["France", 10, 6], ["North Macedonia", 9, 14], ["Belgium", 9, 9.5], ["Ireland", 8, 11], ["Portugal", 8, 8], ["Latvia", 8, 7], ["Norway", 8, 7], ["Spain", 8, 7], ["Estonia", 8, 7], ["Armenia", 7, 12], ["Austria", 7, 9], ["Albania", 7, 9], ["Croatia", 7, 8], ["Luxembourg", 7, 7], ["Czechia", 7, 7], ["Sweden", 7, 4], ["Hungary", 6, 7], ["Greece", 6, 7], ["Finland", 6, 6], ["Slovenia", 6, 6], ["Iceland", 5, 7], ["Switzerland", 5, 5], ["Netherlands", 5, 4], ["Serbia", 4, 10]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["England", "Romania", "Malta", "Lithuania", "Scotland", "Bulgaria", "Italy", "Wales", "Republic of Moldova", "Cyprus", "Germany", "Poland", "France", "North Macedonia", "Belgium", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Latvia", "Norway", "Spain", "Estonia", "Armenia", "Austria", "Albania", "Croatia", "Luxembourg", "Czechia", "Sweden", "Hungary", "Greece", "Finland", "Slovenia", "Iceland", "Switzerland", "Netherlands", "Serbia"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://data-browser.hbsc.org", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021/2022", "title": "Percentage of 11-year-olds who report problematic social media use", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (2023), Data browser (findings from the 2021/22 international HBSC survey)", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "59.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This table shows the percentage of 11-year-olds who experienced 'problematic' (addictive-like) social media use in 2022, broken down by the regions covered by the HBSC survey, including European member states, North America and Central Asia. The 2022 data reveal a significant 'early-onset addiction gap', with an average of 9% of children exhibiting at least six symptoms of digital dependency, such as withdrawal and loss of control, before entering their teens. A sharp regional divide emerges between Eastern and Western Europe: Romania (17–18%) and Bulgaria (14–16%) report the highest levels of early-stage problematic use, while the Netherlands (4–5%) and Switzerland (5%) have the lowest risk profiles in the dataset. Although the global average shows gender parity at 9%, striking gender disparities emerge in the United Kingdom and Mediterranean regions. In England and Malta, nearly one in five 11-year-old girls exhibits addictive behaviours, significantly higher than their male counterparts."},
{"data": [{"data": [28, 28, 23, 23, 22, 21, 20, 20, 19, 19, 19, 19, 18, 17, 16, 16.5, 15, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 11, 11, 11, 10, 10, 8], "name": "Girl"}, {"data": [21, 14, 10, 8, 7, 8, 12, 10, 17, 11, 10, 9, 12, 7, 9, 8, 7, 11, 11, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 12, 8, 8, 7, 5, 5, 7, 7, 5, 8, 5, 5], "name": "Boy"}], "_data": [["Country", "Girl", "Boy"], ["Romania", 28, 21], ["Malta", 28, 14], ["Ireland", 23, 10], ["England", 23, 8], ["Scotland", 22, 7], ["Italy", 21, 8], ["Greece", 20, 12], ["Cyprus", 20, 10], ["Bulgaria", 19, 17], ["Poland", 19, 11], ["Wales", 19, 10], ["Lithuania", 19, 9], ["Croatia", 18, 12], ["Luxembourg", 17, 7], ["Germany", 16, 9], ["Belgium", 16.5, 8], ["Serbia", 15, 7], ["North Macedonia", 14, 11], ["Albania", 14, 11], ["France", 14, 8], ["Republic of Moldova", 14, 8], ["Slovenia", 14, 8], ["Norway", 14, 7], ["Estonia", 14, 7], ["Czechia", 13, 7], ["Finland", 12, 12], ["Portugal", 12, 8], ["Austria", 12, 8], ["Spain", 12, 7], ["Latvia", 12, 5], ["Sweden", 12, 5], ["Iceland", 11, 7], ["Denmark", 11, 7], ["Switzerland", 11, 5], ["Armenia", 10, 8], ["Hungary", 10, 5], ["Netherlands", 8, 5]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["Romania", "Malta", "Ireland", "England", "Scotland", "Italy", "Greece", "Cyprus", "Bulgaria", "Poland", "Wales", "Lithuania", "Croatia", "Luxembourg", "Germany", "Belgium", "Serbia", "North Macedonia", "Albania", "France", "Republic of Moldova", "Slovenia", "Norway", "Estonia", "Czechia", "Finland", "Portugal", "Austria", "Spain", "Latvia", "Sweden", "Iceland", "Denmark", "Switzerland", "Armenia", "Hungary", "Netherlands"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://data-browser.hbsc.org", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021/2022", "title": "Percentage of 13-year-olds who report problematic social media use", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (2023), Data browser (findings from the 2021/22 international HBSC survey)", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "60.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This table shows the percentage of 13-year-olds who experienced 'problematic' (addictive-like) social media use in 2022 across the HBSC survey regions, which include European member states, North America and Central Asia. The 2022 data reveal a sharp increase in digital dependency among children entering their early teens, particularly among girls, where the average prevalence (16%) is almost double that among boys (9%). A pronounced regional risk cluster persists in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, with Romania (21–28%) and Malta (14–28%) reporting the highest levels of problematic use in the dataset. Unlike the 11-year-old cohort, striking gender disparities become the norm at age 13, particularly in Western and Southern Europe. In countries such as England, Ireland and Italy, girls are two to three times more likely than boys to exhibit addictive behaviours. Conversely, the Netherlands (5–8%) and Hungary (5–10%) continue to have the lowest risk profiles, suggesting that national digital cultures and domestic management strategies play a significant role in mitigating these symptoms during the \"vulnerability window\" of early adolescence."},
{"data": [{"data": [28, 25, 24, 23, 21, 20, 19, 19, 19, 19, 17, 16, 16, 16, 14, 14, 13.5, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 11, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7], "name": "Girl"}, {"data": [18, 13, 13, 12, 10, 8, 15, 11, 9, 8, 7, 12, 7, 6, 10, 6, 8, 10, 6, 9, 9, 8, 4, 7, 7, 6, 5, 3, 4, 9, 4, 3, 12, 6, 6, 6, 3], "name": "Boy"}], "_data": [["Country", "Girl", "Boy"], ["Romania", 28, 18], ["Ireland", 25, 13], ["Malta", 24, 13], ["Albania", 23, 12], ["Greece", 21, 10], ["Cyprus", 20, 8], ["Bulgaria", 19, 15], ["North Macedonia", 19, 11], ["Scotland", 19, 9], ["Italy", 19, 8], ["Wales", 17, 7], ["Croatia", 16, 12], ["Republic of Moldova", 16, 7], ["England", 16, 6], ["Poland", 14, 10], ["Luxembourg", 14, 6], ["Belgium", 13.5, 8], ["Armenia", 13, 10], ["Spain", 13, 6], ["Slovenia", 12, 9], ["Serbia", 12, 9], ["Austria", 12, 8], ["Switzerland", 11, 4], ["Portugal", 10, 7], ["Germany", 10, 7], ["Lithuania", 10, 6], ["Sweden", 10, 5], ["Latvia", 10, 3], ["France", 10, 4], ["Iceland", 9, 9], ["Czechia", 9, 4], ["Hungary", 9, 3], ["Finland", 8, 12], ["Norway", 8, 6], ["Estonia", 8, 6], ["Denmark", 7, 6], ["Netherlands", 7, 3]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["Romania", "Ireland", "Malta", "Albania", "Greece", "Cyprus", "Bulgaria", "North Macedonia", "Scotland", "Italy", "Wales", "Croatia", "Republic of Moldova", "England", "Poland", "Luxembourg", "Belgium", "Armenia", "Spain", "Slovenia", "Serbia", "Austria", "Switzerland", "Portugal", "Germany", "Lithuania", "Sweden", "Latvia", "France", "Iceland", "Czechia", "Hungary", "Finland", "Norway", "Estonia", "Denmark", "Netherlands"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://data-browser.hbsc.org", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2021/2022", "title": "Percentage of 15-year-olds who report problematic social media use", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (2023), Data browser (findings from the 2021/22 international HBSC survey)", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "61.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This table presents the percentage of 15-year-olds who reported 'problematic' (addictive-like) social media use in 2022 across the HBSC survey regions, including European member states, North America, and Central Asia. The 2022 data reveal a \"vulnerability plateau\" among mid-adolescents, with an average of 14% of girls and 8% of boys exhibiting clinical symptoms of digital dependency. A clear geographic divide remains evident: Romania (18–28%), Ireland (13–25%) and Malta (13–24%) reported the highest levels of problematic use, while the Netherlands (3–7%) and Hungary (3–9%) had the most resilient digital environments. At age 15, the gender gap in digital addiction remains significant across most of Europe, with girls being approximately twice as likely as boys to report symptoms of loss of control and withdrawal. This disparity is particularly striking in the Mediterranean and Anglosphere: in Cyprus and Greece, for example, more than one in five girls report problematic use, compared to around 10% of boys."},
{"data": [{"data": [42, 39, 37, 40, 32, 37], "name": "Strongly agree"}, {"data": [47, 47, 48, 45, 48, 43], "name": "Somewhat agree"}, {"data": [7, 7, 10, 8, 12, 11], "name": "Somewhat disagree"}, {"data": [2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4], "name": "Strongly disagree"}, {"data": [2, 5, 2, 4, 4, 5], "name": "Don’t know"}], "_data": [["Category", "Strongly agree", "Somewhat agree", "Somewhat disagree", "Strongly disagree", "Don’t know"], ["Digital skills are essential for participation in society (for example for banking, health care, community engagement etc.)", 42, 47, 7, 2, 2], ["Expanding digital skills training is important to improve the economy of your country", 39, 47, 7, 2, 5], ["Digital skills are essential for learning and education", 37, 48, 10, 3, 2], ["Digital skills are necessary to be able to use generative AI tools (e.g. ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, etc.) safely and responsibly", 40, 45, 8, 3, 4], ["Digital skills are essential to have a successful career", 32, 48, 12, 4, 4], ["Digital skills and digital literacy help protect you from being misled by online disinformation", 37, 43, 11, 4, 5]], "labels": {"values": ["Digital skills are essential for participation in society (for example for banking, health care, community engagement etc.)", "Expanding digital skills training is important to improve the economy of your country", "Digital skills are essential for learning and education", "Digital skills are necessary to be able to use generative AI tools (e.g. ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot, etc.) safely and responsibly", "Digital skills are essential to have a successful career", "Digital skills and digital literacy help protect you from being misled by online disinformation"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=101459", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Perceptions of the importance of digital skills", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "survey (25 781 respondents)", "source": "FLASH EUROBAROMETER 564, Future needs in digital education, May 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "62.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This table illustrates how the public perceives the importance of digital skills in relation to social, economic and educational factors in the European Union. The data reveal a near-universal consensus that digital literacy is a fundamental utility, with 89% of respondents (\"strongly\" and \"somewhat\") agreeing that these skills are essential for basic participation in society, for example, in banking and healthcare. The importance of digital competence is also recognised in the areas of education, with 85% of respondents (\"strongly\" and \"somewhat\") agreeing that these skills are essential for navigating the modern economy. The data reveal that 40% of respondents strongly agree that digital skills are essential for formal education and for the safe and responsible use of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and Gemini. Furthermore, 80% of the public identifies digital literacy as a prerequisite for a successful career and a defence against misinformation."},
{"data": [{"data": [49, 33, 32], "name": "Strongly agree"}, {"data": [43, 45, 44], "name": "Somewhat agree"}, {"data": [5, 15, 16], "name": "Somewhat disagree"}, {"data": [2, 5, 5], "name": "Strongly disagree"}, {"data": [1, 2, 3], "name": "Don’t know"}], "_data": [["Category", "Strongly agree", "Somewhat agree", "Somewhat disagree", "Strongly disagree", "Don’t know"], ["Digital skills should be taught to everyone in schools and universities", 49, 43, 5, 2, 1], ["Digital skills should receive the same amount of attention at school as reading, mathematics and science", 33, 45, 15, 5, 2], ["The teaching of digital skills should start at an early age", 32, 44, 16, 5, 3]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Digital skills should be taught to everyone in schools and universities", "Digital skills should receive the same amount of attention at school as reading, mathematics and science", "The teaching of digital skills should start at an early age"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=101459", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Teaching digital skills", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "survey (25 781 respondents)", "source": "FLASH EUROBAROMETER 564, Future needs in digital education, May 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "63.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This table illustrates the public support for incorporating digital literacy into formal education systems across Europe. The data reveal an overwhelming consensus across the European Union: 92% of respondents agree, to various extents, that digital skills should be taught to everyone in schools and universities. Notably, almost eight in ten (78%, combining \"strongly\" and \"somewhat\" agreeing to the statement) believe that these skills should be given the same institutional importance as reading, mathematics and science, and 76% agree, both \"strongly\" and \"somewhat\", that this instruction should begin at an early age."},
{"data": [{"data": [35, 33, 33, 36, 31, 21, 21], "name": "Strongly agree"}, {"data": [52, 54, 52, 48, 52, 46, 43], "name": "Somewhat agree"}, {"data": [8, 7, 9, 8, 10, 20, 21], "name": "Somewhat disagree"}, {"data": [2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 5, 6], "name": "Strongly disagree"}, {"data": [3, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, 9], "name": "Don’t know"}], "_data": [["Category", "Strongly agree", "Somewhat agree", "Somewhat disagree", "Strongly disagree", "Don’t know"], ["Digital technologies can make education and training more innovative", 35, 52, 8, 2, 3], ["Digital technologies can be used to provide students access to tailored learning to meet their individual needs", 33, 54, 7, 2, 4], ["Online learning can benefit lifelong learning by providing continuous access to education and training", 33, 52, 9, 3, 3], ["Digital technologies can break down barriers to learning for people with disabilities", 36, 48, 8, 2, 6], ["Digital technologies can make education and training more accessible and inclusive", 31, 52, 10, 2, 5], ["Digital technologies for education are too expensive for families", 21, 46, 20, 5, 8], ["Digital technologies can increase inequalities in education", 21, 43, 21, 6, 9]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Digital technologies can make education and training more innovative", "Digital technologies can be used to provide students access to tailored learning to meet their individual needs", "Online learning can benefit lifelong learning by providing continuous access to education and training", "Digital technologies can break down barriers to learning for people with disabilities", "Digital technologies can make education and training more accessible and inclusive", "Digital technologies for education are too expensive for families", "Digital technologies can increase inequalities in education"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/api/deliverable/download/file?deliverableId=101459", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Perceptions of the the impact of digital technologies", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "survey (25 781 respondents)", "source": "FLASH EUROBAROMETER 564, Future needs in digital education, May 2025", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "64.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This table shows the European population’s perception of the impact of digital technologies on education and training. \r\nThe data reveal a broad consensus on the benefits of digitalisation, particularly regarding innovation and personalisation. A combined 87% of Europeans agree that technology makes education more innovative (35% strongly agree and 52% somewhat agree), and 77% agree that it allows for tailored learning (33% strongly agree and 54% somewhat agree).\r\nThe survey also highlights a strong belief in the capacity of digital tools to foster inclusion and accessibility. A total of 84% of respondents agree that these technologies can break down barriers for people with disabilities, with 36% strongly agreeing: the highest proportion in the dataset. Similarly, 83% agree that technology makes education more accessible and inclusive overall (31% strongly agree and 52% somewhat agree), and 85% see it as beneficial for lifelong learning (33% strongly agree and 52% somewhat agree).\r\nHowever, the data also reflects significant socio-economic concerns. While the level of agreement is lower than for the benefits, a substantial 67% of Europeans still agree that digital technologies are too expensive for families (21% \"strongly agree\" and 46% \"somewhat agree\"). Furthermore, 64% of respondents express concern that these tools can increase inequalities in education (21% \"strongly agree\" and 43% \"somewhat agree\")."},
{"data": [{"data": [41, 37, 35, 36, 33, 33, 33, 31, 29, 26, 25, 27, 24, 24, 19, 20, 17, 13, 10, 6, 26], "name": "Difference between girs and boys (percentage points)"}], "_data": [["Country", "Difference between girs and boys (percentage points)"], ["Bulgaria", 41], ["Romania", 37], ["Slovenia", 35], ["Italy", 36], ["France", 33], ["Lithuania", 33], ["Malta", 33], ["Chinese Taipei", 31], ["Latvia", 29], ["Estonia", 26], ["Colombia", 25], ["Sweden", 27], ["Cyprus", 24], ["Poland", 24], ["Netherlands", 19], ["Norway", 20], ["Serbia", 17], ["Spain", 13], ["Croatia", 10], ["Slovak Republic", 6], ["International average", 26]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["Bulgaria", "Romania", "Slovenia", "Italy", "France", "Lithuania", "Malta", "Chinese Taipei", "Latvia", "Estonia", "Colombia", "Sweden", "Cyprus", "Poland", "Netherlands", "Norway", "Serbia", "Spain", "Croatia", "Slovak Republic", "International average"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.iea.nl/sites/default/files/2025-10/CB28%20ICCS%20Gender%20Differences.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "", "title": "Gender Differences in Civic Knowledge", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "survey", "source": "World Bank Group, IEA Compass: Briefs in Education, Issue 28: INTERNATIONAL GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CIVIC KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES: IMPLICATIONS AND WAYS FORWARD", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "65.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This chart illustrates gender disparities in civic knowledge across different countries, as revealed by the 2022 ICCS results. The Y-axis represents the advantage that girls have over boys in terms of scale points. The data reveal a universal gender gap in civic knowledge, with girls outperforming boys in every surveyed nation.\r\nThe international average difference is 26 scale points. A significant regional trend emerges, with countries in Northern and Eastern Europe reporting the highest disparities. Bulgaria (41 points), Sweden (37 points) and Norway (36 points) show a female advantage that is significantly higher than the international average.\r\nIn contrast, the gender gap is significantly narrower in countries such as Spain (17 points) and France (13 points). Interestingly, the difference between boys and girls was found to be statistically insignificant in the Netherlands (10 points) and Colombia (6 points)."},
{"data": [{"data": [32.5, 12.2], "name": "Percent"}], "_data": [["Category", "Percent"], ["Users between 16 and 30 years old", 32.5], ["Users older than 31 years old", 12.2]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Users between 16 and 30 years old", "Users older than 31 years old"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC135806/JRC135806_01.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2022", "title": "Share of users in the EU showing patterns of social media addiction, by age groups", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "(25 646 respondents)", "source": "Fairness policy brief 2/2024 - Loneliness and social media use in the European Union", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "66.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart illustrates the proportion of EU users exhibiting patterns indicative of social media addiction (based on responders' self-identification of addiction patterns), specifically defined as the tendency to neglect work, school, or family responsibilities. The data reveal a significant 'functional impairment gap' between generations, with around 33% of those aged 16–30 reporting that their use of social media interferes with their daily responsibilities.\r\nThis rate is almost triple that of the older cohort, with only 12% of users aged 31 and over reporting similar patterns of neglect."},
{"data": [{"data": [54, 54, 52, 50, 53, 49, 48, 43], "name": "Very concerned (%)"}, {"data": [35, 35, 36, 38, 32, 36, 35, 37], "name": "Fairly concerned (%)"}], "_data": [["Category", "Very concerned (%)", "Fairly concerned (%)"], ["Encountering violent content", 54, 35], ["Approached by people wanting to exploit them", 54, 35], ["Spending too much time using certain apps/social media", 52, 36], ["Exploitation based on shared personal information", 50, 38], ["Encountering pornographic content", 53, 32], ["Encountering terrorist content encouraging violence", 49, 36], ["Recruitment or encouragement to commit a crime", 48, 35], ["Encountering conspiracy theories", 43, 37]], "labels": {"values": ["Encountering violent content", "Approached by people wanting to exploit them", "Spending too much time using certain apps/social media", "Exploitation based on shared personal information", "Encountering pornographic content", "Encountering terrorist content encouraging violence", "Recruitment or encouragement to commit a crime", "Encountering conspiracy theories"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2026/child-protection-social-media", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Concerns about safety of children when using social media", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "survey (26,453 respondents)", "source": "European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Protecting children on social media – Views on age limits, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "67.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart illustrates public concerns in the European Union about the safety of children on social media, as revealed by a 2026 FRA survey of over 26,000 individuals. The data reveal an overwhelming consensus on digital risks, with concern levels exceeding 80% for all eight monitored categories. The most acute anxieties are tied to encountering violent content and predatory exploitation, both of which reach a peak concern level of 89% (54% are \"very concerned\").\r\nConcerns about excessive usage and data exploitation both rank nearly as high at 88%, directly mirroring ongoing policy debates about addictive design and privacy issues. Even the category with the lowest reported level of concern (for example, the exposure to conspiracy theories) still affects 80% of the population."},
{"data": [{"data": [0, 0, 2, 1, 6, 4, 11, 13, 16, 4, 16, 1, 12, 5, 6, 1], "name": "Percentage of Respondents (%)"}], "_data": [["Proposed Age / Measure", "Percentage of Respondents (%)"], ["1-5 years", 0], ["6-9 years", 0], ["10 years", 2], ["11 years", 1], ["12 years", 6], ["13 years", 4], ["14 years", 11], ["15 years", 13], ["16 years", 16], ["17 years", 4], ["18 years or above", 16], ["No age limitations", 1], ["It should be left for parents to decide", 12], ["It depends on the social media platform", 5], ["Some other measures should be taken", 6], ["Don't know", 1]], "labels": {"name": "Proposed Age / Measure", "values": ["1-5 years", "6-9 years", "10 years", "11 years", "12 years", "13 years", "14 years", "15 years", "16 years", "17 years", "18 years or above", "No age limitations", "It should be left for parents to decide", "It depends on the social media platform", "Some other measures should be taken", "Don't know"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2026/child-protection-social-media", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Opinion on age target for social media prohibition for minors - respondents 18 and above", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey (25,922 respondents - aged 18 and above)", "source": "European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Protecting children on social media – Views on age limits, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "68.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart illustrates public opinion of adults (aged 18 and above) in the European Union regarding the appropriate legal age for accessing social media platforms, as determined by a 2026 FRA survey of more than 26000 adults. The data reveal a strong preference for high age limits, with the ag of 16 (16%) and the age of 18 or above (16%) emerging as the most popular legal cutoffs. Combining these with those favouring ages of 14 and 15, almost 56% of the population supports a 'digital majority' age of 14 or higher.\r\nA significant trend emerges regarding the rejection of unregulated access: only 1% of respondents believe there should be no age limitations, signalling near-universal public agreement on the necessity of age restrictions. While the preference for a 16-year limit provides a democratic mandate for the 'hard prohibitive' models currently proposed in countries such as Spain and Denmark, a notable 12% of the population still believes that the decision should remain the responsibility of parents.\r\nA significant trend emerges when these results are compared with those of the adolescent demographic (aged 15–17) - chart #68. While adults anchor their preference at the 16- and 18-year thresholds (32% combined), teenagers overwhelmingly favour a younger cutoff of 14 or 15 (31% combined). Furthermore, adults are four times more likely than adolescents to believe that the limit should be set at 18 or over (16% versus 4%), reflecting a far more restrictive outlook compared to adolescents' preference for mid-adolescent entry points. Adults show significantly less platform-specific nuance: they are only half as likely as teenagers to suggest that the limit should 'depend on the social media platform' (5% vs 11%). This suggests that the adult population favours a more uniform, 'blanket' regulatory approach."},
{"data": [{"data": [0, 0, 4, 1, 13, 11, 15, 16, 6, 0, 4, 3, 10, 11, 5, 1], "name": "Percentage of Respondents (%)"}], "_data": [["Proposed Age / Measure", "Percentage of Respondents (%)"], ["1-5 years", 0], ["6-9 years", 0], ["10 years", 4], ["11 years", 1], ["12 years", 13], ["13 years", 11], ["14 years", 15], ["15 years", 16], ["16 years", 6], ["17 years", 0], ["18 years or above", 4], ["No age limitations", 3], ["It should be left for parents to decide", 10], ["It depends on the social media platform", 11], ["Some other measures should be taken", 5], ["Don't know", 1]], "labels": {"name": "Proposed Age / Measure", "values": ["1-5 years", "6-9 years", "10 years", "11 years", "12 years", "13 years", "14 years", "15 years", "16 years", "17 years", "18 years or above", "No age limitations", "It should be left for parents to decide", "It depends on the social media platform", "Some other measures should be taken", "Don't know"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2026/child-protection-social-media", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Opinion on age target for social media prohibition for minors – Respondents aged 15-17", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey (531 respondents aged 15-17)", "source": "European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Protecting children on social media – Views on age limits, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "69.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart illustrates the views of adolescents (aged 15–17) on the appropriate legal age for accessing social media, as revealed by a 2026 FRA survey. The data reveal a clear 'youth consensus' centred around the age of 14 or 15, with 15 (16%) and 14 (15%) emerging as the most popular thresholds. Combined with those favouring ages 12 and 13 (13% and 11% respectively), over half of the teenage respondents (55%) support a limit between 12 and 15 years.\r\nA significant trend emerges when these results are compared to those of the adult demographic - chart #68. While adults favoured limits of 16 and 18+, adolescents overwhelmingly rejected these higher cutoffs, with only 6% supporting a limit of 16 and 4% supporting a limit of 18. Furthermore, teenagers are twice as likely as adults to suggest that the limit should 'depend on the social media platform' (11%), indicating a more nuanced understanding of platform-specific risks."},
{"data": [{"data": [33.5, 29.7, 29.3, 28.6, 51.2], "name": "Child no longer has account (%)"}, {"data": [63.6, 69.1, 69.4, 69.3, 48.5], "name": "Child has retained account (%)"}], "_data": [["Age-restricted social media platform", "Child no longer has account (%)", "Child has retained account (%)"], ["Facebook", 33.5, 63.6], ["Instagram", 29.7, 69.1], ["Snapchat", 29.3, 69.4], ["TikTok", 28.6, 69.3], ["YouTube", 51.2, 48.5]], "labels": {"name": "Age-restricted social media platform", "values": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "YouTube"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.esafety.gov.au/research/under-the-new-age-restrictions-early-insights-from-australian-parents", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "The percentage of parents reporting that their child aged 8 to 15 years no longer has an account on an age-restricted social media platform versus those who have retained it, by platform", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey (898 parents)", "source": "Australian eSafety Commissioner, Under the new age restrictions: Early insights from Australian parents, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "70.0", "geographical": "Australia"}, "description": "This table shows the proportion of Australian parents who reported whether their child aged 8 to 15 retained or lost their account on major social media platforms following the implementation of age-restriction legislation in Australia in December 2025. The data reveal a significant 'retention gap' across the digital landscape, with the majority of underage users (around 70%) managing to keep their accounts on popular platforms such as Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok.\r\nAn interesting trend emerges regarding platform-specific efficacy with significant differences between platforms."},
{"data": [{"data": [43.6, 36.3, 26.6, 1.9], "name": "Percentage"}], "_data": [["Reason for no longer holding an account", "Percentage"], ["The platform deactivated their account", 43.6], ["My child deactivated their account", 36.3], ["I (or their other parent) deactivated their account", 26.6], ["I reported account and platform deactivated it", 1.9]], "labels": {"name": "Reason for no longer holding an account", "values": ["The platform deactivated their account", "My child deactivated their account", "I (or their other parent) deactivated their account", "I reported account and platform deactivated it"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.esafety.gov.au/research/under-the-new-age-restrictions-early-insights-from-australian-parents", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Reasons for a child no longer holding an account across age-restricted social media platforms in Australia three months after the social media ban implementation", "topic": "Harms and Wellbeing", "method": "survey (898 parents)", "source": "Australian eSafety Commissioner, Under the new age restrictions: Early insights from Australian parents, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "71.0", "geographical": "Australia"}, "description": "This table shows the main reasons parents gave for their child no longer having an account on an age-restricted social media platform after implementation. The data reveal that platform deactivation (43.6%) was the main reason for account closures, while child-led deactivation (36.3%) was notably more prevalent than parent-led deactivation (26.6%). Furthermore, the extremely low rate of parents reporting accounts for deactivation (1.9%) suggests either 'reporting fatigue' or a preference for managing the issue internally within the family rather than collaborating with the platform."},
{"data": [{"data": [79, 76, 74, 70, 68, 53], "name": "Support"}, {"data": [3, 6, 5, 7, 5, 7], "name": "Don't know"}, {"data": [17, 17, 22, 22, 27, 39], "name": "Oppose"}], "_data": [["Country", "Support", "Don't know", "Oppose"], ["France", 79, 3, 17], ["Britain", 76, 6, 17], ["Gemany", 74, 5, 22], ["Italy", 70, 7, 22], ["Spain", 68, 5, 27], ["Poland", 53, 7, 39]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["France", "Britain", "Gemany", "Italy", "Spain", "Poland"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://yougov.com/en-gb/articles/54429-most-europeans-in-six-countries-support-banning-social-media-for-under-16s", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Overall support for social media ban in six European countires (2026)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey", "source": "YouGov survey \"Most Europeans in six countries support banning social media for under-16s\", 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "72.0", "geographical": "Europe: France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland"}, "description": "This table shows the level of public support for banning social media for under-16s across France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain and Poland, based on a 2026 YouGov survey. The data reveal a strong 'consensus of concern' in Western and Southern Europe, where support for such a measure consistently exceeds 70%. France leads the group with 79% support, reflecting its legislative momentum towards banning under-15s, followed closely by Britain (76%) and Germany (74%).\r\nA significant trend emerges regarding the 'legitimacy gap' in Eastern Europe: while Poland still has a majority in favour (53%), it also has the highest level of public opposition at 39%, which is nearly double the resistance seen in France or Britain."},
{"data": [{"data": [68, 77, 73, 59, 59, 70], "name": "18-34"}, {"data": [78, 77, 72, 74, 62, 71], "name": "35-54"}, {"data": [80, 83, 76, 73, 41, 64], "name": "55+"}], "_data": [["Country", "18-34", "35-54", "55+"], ["Britain", 68, 78, 80], ["France", 77, 77, 83], ["Germany", 73, 72, 76], ["Italy", 59, 74, 73], ["Poland", 59, 62, 41], ["Spain", 70, 71, 64]], "labels": {"values": ["Britain", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Poland", "Spain"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://yougov.com/en-gb/articles/54429-most-europeans-in-six-countries-support-banning-social-media-for-under-16s", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Support for social media ban in six European countries, disaggregated by age group (2026)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey", "source": "YouGov survey \"Most Europeans in six countries support banning social media for under-16s\", 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "73.0", "geographical": "Europe: France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland"}, "description": "This table shows the level of public support for a social media ban among three age groups in six European countries. The data reveal remarkably high and stable levels of support across generations in France, where backing remains at or above 77% for all age groups. The survey also identifies a 'parental mandate', with parents of children under 18 emerging as the most enthusiastic supporters, with approval ratings reaching 79% in Britain, Italy and Spain.\r\nA significant trend emerges regarding generational scepticism in specific markets: while older adults in Britain (80%) are the most likely to favour a ban, the younger generation (18–34) in both Britain (68%) and Germany (59%) is more sceptical. Conversely, 'senior resistance' is evident in Poland, where support among those aged 55+ falls to 41%, and Spain, where the oldest generation is the least supportive (64%)."},
{"data": [{"data": [72, 76, 71, 65, 55, 64], "name": "Women"}, {"data": [80, 82, 77, 75, 51, 72], "name": "Men"}], "_data": [["Country", "Women", "Men"], ["Britain", 72, 80], ["France", 76, 82], ["Germany", 71, 77], ["Italy", 65, 75], ["Poland", 55, 51], ["Spain", 64, 72]], "labels": {"values": ["Britain", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Poland", "Spain"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://yougov.com/en-gb/articles/54429-most-europeans-in-six-countries-support-banning-social-media-for-under-16s", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Support for social media ban in six European countries, disaggregated by gender (2026)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey", "source": "YouGov survey \"Most Europeans in six countries support banning social media for under-16s\", 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "74.0", "geographical": "Europe: France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland"}, "description": "This table shows public support for banning social media for minors, disaggregated by gender, in six European countries. The data reveal a consistent gender support gap, whereby men are notably more likely than women to favour a ban in five of the six countries surveyed. The highest levels of male support are found in France (82%) and Britain (80%), where support among men exceeds that among women by 6 and 8 percentage points, respectively.\r\nA significant trend emerges in Southern Europe, where the gender disparity is most acute: in Italy, men support the ban by 10 percentage points more than women (75% vs 65%), and a similar 8-point gap exists in Spain. Poland is the only outlier in this dataset, being the only country where female support (55%) slightly exceeds male support (51%)."},
{"data": [{"data": [25, 18, 14, 10, 6, 5], "name": "Very effective"}, {"data": [36, 35, 31, 29, 31, 31], "name": "Quite effective"}, {"data": [7, 6, 9, 13, 9, 10], "name": "Don't know"}, {"data": [23, 27, 35, 39, 37, 30], "name": "Not very effective"}, {"data": [10, 14, 11, 10, 17, 15], "name": "Not at all effective"}], "_data": [["Country", "Very effective", "Quite effective", "Don't know", "Not very effective", "Not at all effective"], ["Italy", 25, 36, 7, 23, 10], ["Spain", 18, 35, 6, 27, 14], ["Germany", 14, 31, 9, 35, 11], ["Poland", 10, 29, 13, 39, 10], ["Britain", 6, 31, 9, 37, 17], ["France", 5, 31, 10, 30, 15]], "labels": {"values": ["Italy", "Spain", "Germany", "Poland", "Britain", "France"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://yougov.com/en-gb/articles/54429-most-europeans-in-six-countries-support-banning-social-media-for-under-16s", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Perception of efficacy of a social media ban in six European countries (2026)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey", "source": "YouGov survey \"Most Europeans in six countries support banning social media for under-16s\", 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "75.0", "geographical": "Europe: France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Poland"}, "description": "This chart illustrates public perceptions of the efficacy of banning under-16s from social media across six European countries. The data reveal an efficiency gap: while a majority of Europeans support such a ban in principle, they are deeply divided and often pessimistic regarding its ability to prevent children from creating and using accounts.\r\nA significant regional trend emerges in terms of optimism levels: Italy is the most confident about the efficiency of the policy, with 61% of adults (25% of whom believe it will be \"very effective\") expecting the measure to succeed. Conversely, Britain is the most sceptical, with 54% of adults in total predicting that the ban will fail, including 17% who believe it will be 'not at all effective'. This scepticism is also evident in Poland and Germany, where approximately half of the population doubts the practical impact of the law."},
{"data": [{"data": [79, 79, 78, 75, 75, 83, 77, 79, 79, 73, 54, 76, 76, 69, 59, 57, 47, 89, 81, 63, 55], "name": "Support for the ban"}], "_data": [["Country", "Support for the ban"], ["Conservatives (Britain, 2024)", 79], ["Labour (Britain, 2024)", 79], ["Lib Dems (Britain, 2024)", 78], ["Reform UK (Britain, 2024)", 75], ["Green (Britain, 2024)", 75], ["Emmanuel Macron (France, 2022)", 83], ["Marine Le Pen (France, 2022)", 77], ["SPD (Germany, 2025)", 79], ["CDU/CSU (Germany, 2025)", 79], ["Greens (Germany, 2025)", 73], ["AfD (Germany, 2025)", 54], ["Five star Movement (Italy, 2022)", 76], ["Brothers of Italy (Italy, 2022)", 76], ["Democratic Party (Italy, 2022)", 69], ["Civic Coalition (Poland, 2023)", 59], ["Third Way (Poland, 2023)", 57], ["Law and Justice / United Right (Poland, 2023)", 47], ["SUMAR (Spain, 2023)", 89], ["PSOE (Spain, 2023)", 81], ["PP (Spain, 2023)", 63], ["VOX (Spain, 2023)", 55]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["Conservatives (Britain, 2024)", "Labour (Britain, 2024)", "Lib Dems (Britain, 2024)", "Reform UK (Britain, 2024)", "Green (Britain, 2024)", "Emmanuel Macron (France, 2022)", "Marine Le Pen (France, 2022)", "SPD (Germany, 2025)", "CDU/CSU (Germany, 2025)", "Greens (Germany, 2025)", "AfD (Germany, 2025)", "Five star Movement (Italy, 2022)", "Brothers of Italy (Italy, 2022)", "Democratic Party (Italy, 2022)", "Civic Coalition (Poland, 2023)", "Third Way (Poland, 2023)", "Law and Justice / United Right (Poland, 2023)", "SUMAR (Spain, 2023)", "PSOE (Spain, 2023)", "PP (Spain, 2023)", "VOX (Spain, 2023)"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://yougov.com/en-gb/articles/54429-most-europeans-in-six-countries-support-banning-social-media-for-under-16s", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Support for an under-16s social media ban is high across major voting groups in six European countries (2026)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "survey", "source": "YouGov survey \"Most Europeans in six countries support banning social media for under-16s\", 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "76.0", "geographical": "Europe: France, Britain, Gemany, Italy, Spain, Poland"}, "description": "This chart illustrates levels of public support for banning under-16s from social media across six European countries, disaggregated by political affiliation. The data reveal a striking 'cross-partisan consensus' in most Member States, where support for the measure remains high regardless of ideological leaning.\r\nA notable trend is the absence of partisan friction in Britain, France and Germany. In Britain and Germany, mainstream parties from opposite ends of the political spectrum, such as Labour and the Conservatives or the SPD and the CDU/CSU, show identical levels of support. This suggests that, in the regulatory core of Europe, digital protection for minors has transcended traditional party politics to become a universal policy goal.\r\nHowever, a secondary ideological gradient is visible in Spain and Poland, where a clear left–right divide emerges. In Spain, the left is leading the way, with SUMAR (89%) and PSOE (81%) showing significantly higher levels of support than the right-wing PP (63%) and far right VOX (55%). A similar pattern exists in Poland, where the centrist Civic Coalition (59%) leads, while Law and Justice (47%), the right-wing party, is the only major voting group in the dataset to fall below a majority.\r\nItaly provides a notable exception to this trend: unlike in Spain, the far right Brothers of Italy (76%) exceed the centre-left Democratic Party (69%). This suggests that, in certain national contexts, the ban is perceived as a means of traditional family protection, which has a stronger appeal to conservative voters. Overall, the general trend indicates that, while the populist and far right (AfD, VOX and Law and Justice) consistently shows the highest levels of scepticism, the social media ban remains a rare politically safe issue with majority backing across nearly the entire European political spectrum."},
{"data": [{"data": [62, 50, 42, 15, 13, 5], "name": "Percentage of Websites/Apps Mandating Collection"}], "_data": [["Type of Personal Information", "Percentage of Websites/Apps Mandating Collection"], ["Email address", 62], ["Username", 50], ["Name", 42], ["Phone number", 15], ["Address", 13], ["Photo, video and audio files", 5]], "labels": {"name": "Type of Personal Information", "values": ["Email address", "Username", "Name", "Phone number", "Address", "Photo, video and audio files"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.privacyenforcement.net/content/2025-global-privacy-sweep-examined-websites-and-apps-used-children", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Mandatory collection of personal information on websites and apps, stating that they do not knowingly collect children’s personal information (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Global Privacy Enforcement Network Sweep Report: Children's Privacy, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "77.0", "geographical": ""}, "description": "This chart illustrates the discrepancy between platform privacy policies and actual data collection practices, as revealed by the 2025 Global Privacy Enforcement Network (GPEN) Sweep. The study involved 27 global privacy authorities, including those from the UK and Canada, who replicated the user experience across 876 websites and apps that are popular with children. The data focuses specifically on the 54% of services that state in their policies that they 'do not knowingly collect children’s personal information', yet still require the disclosure of sensitive identifiers for account creation.\r\nA significant trend emerges in the identification gap: despite claiming to avoid collecting data on children, the majority of these platforms (62%) require an email address, and half (50%) require a username (often featuring the user's first and last name). Furthermore, 42% of these services still insist on a legal name and 15% require a phone number. These findings reveal a lack of transparency in the digital ecosystem. By using 'non-collection' statements as a legal shield while simultaneously mandating the collection of high-value personal data, these platforms leave young users vulnerable to tracking and profiling, without implementing the necessary child-specific protective controls."},
{"data": [{"data": [15, 15, 12, 11, 10, 8, 7, 7, 6, 14], "name": "Websites/Apps"}], "_data": [["Type of Content", "Websites/Apps"], ["Bullying/hateful content", 15], ["Violence", 15], ["Gambling", 12], ["Sexual content", 11], ["Dangerous challenges", 10], ["Cryptocurrency", 8], ["Self-Harm", 7], ["Eating disorders", 7], ["Suicide", 6], ["Other", 14]], "labels": {"name": "Type of Content", "values": ["Bullying/hateful content", "Violence", "Gambling", "Sexual content", "Dangerous challenges", "Cryptocurrency", "Self-Harm", "Eating disorders", "Suicide", "Other"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.privacyenforcement.net/content/2025-global-privacy-sweep-examined-websites-and-apps-used-children", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Percentage of websites and apps with inappropriate content, by type (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Global Privacy Enforcement Network Sweep Report: Children's Privacy, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "78.0", "geographical": ""}, "description": "This chart illustrates the prevalence of inappropriate and high-risk content identified on 876 children's websites and apps during the 2025 GPEN Sweep. As part of 'Indicator 5' (inappropriate content and high-risk features), researchers assessed how frequently content posed a direct threat to the psychological and physical safety of children and young people. The data reveal that harmful content is systemic across a significant proportion of the digital ecosystem, rather than an isolated occurrence.\r\nA significant trend emerges in exposure to peer-related and physical threats: bullying and hateful content, as well as violence, were identified on 15% of all surveyed services. Additionally, the data highlights the prevalence of 'adult-oriented' risks, with 12% of platforms featuring gambling and 11% featuring sexual content. Adding to that is the baseline of severe psychological risks: a combined 20% of services expose children to content related to self-harm (7%), eating disorders (7%), and suicide (6%). These findings suggest that many platforms currently used by children lack the necessary content moderation and safety filters to prevent exposure to high-risk, life-threatening material."},
{"data": [{"data": [20, 15, 15, 12, 11, 8, 5, 3, 8], "name": "Share of Websites/Apps"}], "_data": [["Unsuitable Design Feature", "Share of Websites/Apps"], ["Freely engaging with others", 20], ["Behavioral profiling", 15], ["Complex Language (Privacy Policies)", 15], ["Public by default", 12], ["Geolocation", 11], ["Nudging/nagging to share Personal Information", 8], ["Discouraging use of privacy protective options", 5], ["Biometric data collection", 3], ["Other", 8]], "labels": {"name": "Unsuitable Design Feature", "values": ["Freely engaging with others", "Behavioral profiling", "Complex Language (Privacy Policies)", "Public by default", "Geolocation", "Nudging/nagging to share Personal Information", "Discouraging use of privacy protective options", "Biometric data collection", "Other"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.privacyenforcement.net/content/2025-global-privacy-sweep-examined-websites-and-apps-used-children", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Percentage of websites and apps with unsuitable design features by type of design (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Global Privacy Enforcement Network Sweep Report: Children's Privacy, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "79.0", "geographical": ""}, "description": "This chart illustrates the prevalence of high-risk design features among 876 digital services analysed in the 2025 GPEN Sweep. The data reveal that 20% of platforms allow children to freely engage with others without adequate friction or oversight, while 15% subject minor users to behavioural profiling. The methodology also reveals a significant barrier to transparency: 15% of services use privacy policies written in language that is likely beyond the comprehension of child users.\r\nA notable trend emerges concerning the relationship between business models and child safety. The Sweep found that mobile apps are notably riskier than websites, with an unsuitability rate of 47% compared to 41%. Furthermore, a 'monetisation gap' was identified: free services, which often rely on data-driven advertising, were found to be suitable in only 53% of cases, whereas paid/subscription services showed a higher suitability rate of 61%. Free of fees platforms create incentives for the collection of intrusive data (e.g. 11% geolocation and 12% public-by-default settings) and the use of engagement features."},
{"data": [{"data": [62, 68], "name": "Yes"}, {"data": [48, 32], "name": "No"}], "_data": [["Category", "Yes", "No"], ["Platforms with explicit age limits in Terms of Services (TOS)", 62, 48], ["Platforms with age limits in TOS and using ANY age assurance mechanism", 68, 32]], "labels": {"values": ["Platforms with explicit age limits in Terms of Services (TOS)", "Platforms with age limits in TOS and using ANY age assurance mechanism"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.privacyenforcement.net/system/files/2026-03/GPEN%20Sweep%20Report%20-%20March%202026%20-%20EN.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Enforcement gaps of age assurance in tested digital services", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Global Privacy Enforcement Network Sweep Report: Children's Privacy, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "80.0", "geographical": ""}, "description": "This chart illustrates the discrepancy between the legal policies of digital services and the technical reality, in several apps and websites tested. Although 62% of tested platforms (517 out of 832) explicitly prohibit children under the age of 13 in their terms of service, almost a third, 32% of these (164 out of 517) offer no mechanism to prevent underage access whatsoever. The remaining 68% of the tested platforms use at least one age assurance mechanism, the most commonly employed being: self-declaration, age verification or age estimation. The distribution of these methods is presented in Chart n. 81"},
{"data": [{"data": [88, 11, 5], "name": "Share of Websites/Apps"}], "_data": [["Category", "Share of Websites/Apps"], ["Self-Declaration (Honesty Box)", 88], ["Any Type of Age Verification", 11], ["Age Estimation (Facial/AI)", 5]], "labels": {"values": ["Self-Declaration (Honesty Box)", "Any Type of Age Verification", "Age Estimation (Facial/AI)"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.privacyenforcement.net/system/files/2026-03/GPEN%20Sweep%20Report%20-%20March%202026%20-%20EN.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Age assurance methods employed by platforms", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "survey", "source": "Global Privacy Enforcement Network Sweep Report: Children's Privacy, March 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "81.0", "geographical": ""}, "description": "This chart breaks down the technical methods employed by the 353 platforms that attempt to verify age. The data reveal that 88% of these services rely on 'self-declaration'. Advanced, privacy-preserving technologies such as age verification (11%) and age estimation (5%) remain rare."},
{"data": [{"data": [1, 4, 10, 22], "name": "Publicly under consideration"}, {"data": [0, 1, 1, 0], "name": "Enacted but not yet in force"}, {"data": [0, 0, 1, 3], "name": "In force"}], "_data": [["Category", "Publicly under consideration", "Enacted but not yet in force", "In force"], [2023, 1, 0, 0], [2024, 4, 1, 0], [2025, 10, 1, 1], [2026, 22, 0, 3]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["2023", "2024", "2025", "2026"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2026/04/social-media-age-restrictions-for-children-why-they-are-rising-and-what-comes-next.html?adestraproject=Science%2C%20Technology%20and%20Innovation&utm_campaign=STI%20News%2016%20April%20-%20Social%20media%20age%20limits%20blog&utm_content=Read%20the%20blog%3A%20Social%20media%20age%20restrictions%20for%20children&utm_term=sti&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Adestra", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2023-2026", "title": "Status of age restrictions on social media in OECD Member and accession candidate countries (2023-2026)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, Social media age restrictions for children: Why they are rising and what comes next", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "82.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This chart illustrates the legislative momentum surrounding social media age restrictions in OECD member and accession candidate countries from 2023 to 2026. The data reveals a rapid acceleration in policy activity, with the number of countries addressing the issue set to rise from one in 2023 to 25 by 2026.\r\nA significant trend is the shift from political debate to active enforcement. While 2023 and 2024 were characterised almost entirely by proposals 'under consideration', by 2026, the number of countries with restrictions 'in force' (orange) may increase significantly. However, the data also shows that the vast majority of countries (22 out of 25) are still in the 'publicly under consideration' (dark blue) phase."},
{"data": [{"data": [16, 16, 16, "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", ""], "name": "In force"}, {"data": ["", "", "", 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 14, 14, 14, 13, 16], "name": "Publicly under consideration"}], "_data": [["Category", "In force", "Publicly under consideration"], ["AUS", 16, ""], ["BRA", 16, ""], ["IDN", 16, ""], ["DEU", "", 16], ["ESP", "", 16], ["GBR", "", 16], ["IRL", "", 16], ["KOR", "", 16], ["NZL", "", 16], ["PRT", "", 16], ["CZE", "", 15], ["DNK", "", 15], ["FRA", "", 15], ["GRC", "", 15], ["ITA", "", 15], ["NLD", "", 15], ["NOR", "", 15], ["POL", "", 15], ["SVN", "", 15], ["SWE", "", 15], ["TUR", "", 15], ["AUT", "", 14], ["CAN", "", 14], ["THA", "", 14], ["USA", "", 13], ["USA", "", 16]], "labels": {"values": ["AUS", "BRA", "IDN", "DEU", "ESP", "GBR", "IRL", "KOR", "NZL", "PRT", "CZE", "DNK", "FRA", "GRC", "ITA", "NLD", "NOR", "POL", "SVN", "SWE", "TUR", "AUT", "CAN", "THA", "USA", "USA"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2026/04/social-media-age-restrictions-for-children-why-they-are-rising-and-what-comes-next.html?adestraproject=Science%2C%20Technology%20and%20Innovation&utm_campaign=STI%20News%2016%20April%20-%20Social%20media%20age%20limits%20blog&utm_content=Read%20the%20blog%3A%20Social%20media%20age%20restrictions%20for%20children&utm_term=sti&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Adestra", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2026", "title": "Minimum ages in social media age restrictions in place or under consideration, by country as of 10 April 2026", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, Social media age restrictions for children: Why they are rising and what comes next", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "83.0", "geographical": ""}, "description": "This chart shows the age thresholds that are being adopted or debated in OECD member and accession candidate countries as of April 2026. The data reveal clear global convergence around two main 'digital majority' ages: 15 and 16. While Australia, Brazil and Indonesia have already moved into the enforcement phase with a 16-year-old limit, the vast majority of European nations, including Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, are currently debating this same threshold.\r\nA significant trend emerges in the clustering of European Member States. The largest group, comprising France, Italy, the Netherlands, and the Nordic states, is coalescing around a 15-year age limit. A smaller group consisting of Austria and Canada is considering a 14-year threshold. In contrast, the United States presents a fragmented landscape, with proposals ranging from 13 to 16 years old."},
{"data": [{"data": [50, 28.6, 80, 42.9, 33.3, 25, 30, 33.3, 25, 20], "name": "Age verification (some cases)"}, {"data": ["", "", "", "", "", "", 10, "", 25, ""], "name": "Age estimation (all cases)"}, {"data": [42.9, 28.6, 20, 28.6, "", 25, 10, 16.7, 25, 20], "name": "Age estimation (some cases)"}, {"data": [7.1, 42.9, "", 14.3, 66.7, 50, 40, 50, 25, 20], "name": "Self-declaration only"}, {"data": ["", "", "", 14.3, "", "", 10, "", "", 40], "name": "Neither assurance nor self-declaration"}], "_data": [["Service Category", "Age verification (some cases)", "Age estimation (all cases)", "Age estimation (some cases)", "Self-declaration only", "Neither assurance nor self-declaration"], ["Social media", 50, "", 42.9, 7.1, ""], ["Random live video chat", 28.6, "", 28.6, 42.9, ""], ["Pornography", 80, "", 20, "", ""], ["Messaging", 42.9, "", 28.6, 14.3, 14.3], ["Immersive environments", 33.3, "", "", 66.7, ""], ["Generative AI", 25, "", 25, 50, ""], ["Gaming", 30, 10, 10, 40, 10], ["For kids", 33.3, "", 16.7, 50, ""], ["Dating", 25, 25, 25, 25, ""], ["App stores", 20, "", 20, 20, 40]], "labels": {"values": ["Social media", "Random live video chat", "Pornography", "Messaging", "Immersive environments", "Generative AI", "Gaming", "For kids", "Dating", "App stores"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/age-assurance-practices-of-50-online-services-used-by-children_a19853ab-en.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Prevalence of Age Assurance Mechanisms Among Online Services (2024)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, Age assurance practices of 50 online services used by children", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "84.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Based on 50 digital service instances. Please note that services may employ more than one mechanism, so the totals represent the frequency of use across the sample.\r\n\r\nThis chart illustrates the prevalence and systematic nature of age assurance mechanisms across 50 online services in 2024. The data represent the percentage usage within each category. The data reveal that 'age verification in some cases' (conditional/situational checks) is the most widely used technical strategy. This approach is dominant in the pornography sector (80%) and social media (50%), suggesting that these high-risk areas rely heavily on reactive verification triggers.\r\nA significant trend is the continued reliance on the 'honesty box' model: 'Self-declaration only', in fact, remains a primary tool for several sectors, accounting for 66.7% of immersive environments and 50% of both generative AI and 'for kids' services. Additionally, 'age estimation in some cases' serves as a frequent situational layer, particularly for social media (42.9%) and random live video chat (28.6%).\r\nThe data also highlight the extreme rarity of systematic barriers across the entire user base. 'Age estimation in all cases' is used by only two sectors: Dating (25%) and Gaming (10%). Furthermore, the chart reveals a significant enforcement gap in the App Store category, which has the highest rate of total non-compliance, with 40% of services providing neither age verification mechanisms nor self-declaration prompts. Overall, these findings emphasise that technical interventions are currently used as discretionary filters rather than as universal entry requirements, even in services designed specifically for children or containing high-risk content."},
{"data": [{"data": [50, 20, 66.7, 33.3, 25, 25, 100, 66.7, "", 100], "name": "ID"}, {"data": [10, "", "", "", 25, 75, "", "", 100, ""], "name": "Mobile Phone"}, {"data": [20, "", "", "", 50, "", "", "", "", ""], "name": "Credit Card"}, {"data": [20, 60, 33.3, 66.7, "", "", "", 33.3, "", ""], "name": "ID + Selfie"}, {"data": ["", 20, "", "", "", "", "", "", "", ""], "name": "ID + Live Chat with Staff"}], "_data": [["Service Category", "ID", "Mobile Phone", "Credit Card", "ID + Selfie", "ID + Live Chat with Staff"], ["Social media", 50, 10, 20, 20, ""], ["Pornography", 20, "", "", 60, 20], ["Random live video chat", 66.7, "", "", 33.3, ""], ["Immersive environments", 33.3, "", "", 66.7, ""], ["Generative AI", 25, 25, 50, "", ""], ["Gaming", 25, 75, "", "", ""], ["For kids", 100, "", "", "", ""], ["Dating", 66.7, "", "", 33.3, ""], ["App stores", "", 100, "", "", ""], ["Messaging", 100, "", "", "", ""]], "labels": {"values": ["Social media", "Pornography", "Random live video chat", "Immersive environments", "Generative AI", "Gaming", "For kids", "Dating", "App stores", "Messaging"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/age-assurance-practices-of-50-online-services-used-by-children_a19853ab-en.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Age Verification Methods Used by Online Services (2024)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, Age assurance practices of 50 online services used by children", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "85.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "This chart shows the technical methods used by 50 online services to verify users' ages in 2024. The data represent the percentage usage of each method within each service category. The data reveal that government-issued ID is the most widely adopted method, appearing in 80% of categories and serving as the sole verification tool for services in the 'For Kids' and 'Messaging' sectors.\r\nA significant trend emerges in high-engagement and high-risk categories, where multiple methods are often combined. In the social media sector, half of the platforms (50%) rely on ID verification, while the remainder is split between credit card checks (20%), ID + selfie checks (20%), and mobile phone checks (10%). In contrast, the pornography sector shows a heavy reliance on biometric and human-assisted methods, with 60% of platforms requiring ID and a selfie, and 20% utilising live chat with staff.\r\nThe data also highlight sector-specific preferences for non-ID methods. App stores rely entirely on mobile phone verification, a method that also dominates the gaming sector. Generative AI services exhibit a unique profile, with 50% of platforms utilising credit card verification, the highest rate for this method across all categories. Although traditional ID remains the regulatory backbone, sectors involving immersive or sensitive content are increasingly adopting biometrically linked 'ID + selfie' protocols to ensure higher assurance levels."},
{"data": [{"data": ["", "", 14, "", "", "", "", "", "", 100], "name": "At registration"}, {"data": ["", 17, 14, "", "", "", "", "", "", ""], "name": "If suspicious activity detected"}, {"data": [40, "", 29, "", "", 100, "", "", "", ""], "name": "On appeal"}, {"data": [50, 50, 14, 33, 33, "", 100, 50, 50, ""], "name": "To access certain features"}, {"data": [10, 33, 29, 67, 67, "", "", 50, 50, ""], "name": "In certain geographic locations"}], "_data": [["Service Category", "At registration", "If suspicious activity detected", "On appeal", "To access certain features", "In certain geographic locations"], ["Social media", "", "", 40, 50, 10], ["Pornography", "", 17, "", 50, 33], ["Dating", 14, 14, 29, 14, 29], ["Gaming", "", "", "", 33, 67], ["App stores", "", "", "", 33, 67], ["Random live video chat", "", "", 100, "", ""], ["Messaging", "", "", "", 100, ""], ["Immersive environments", "", "", "", 50, 50], ["Generative AI", "", "", "", 50, 50], ["For kids", 100, "", "", "", ""]], "labels": {"values": ["Social media", "Pornography", "Dating", "Gaming", "App stores", "Random live video chat", "Messaging", "Immersive environments", "Generative AI", "For kids"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/age-assurance-practices-of-50-online-services-used-by-children_a19853ab-en.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Circumstances in Which Online Services Use Age Verification (2024)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, Age assurance practices of 50 online services used by children", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "86.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Data represents the frequency of age verification (AV) triggers across 50 online service instances. Services often apply AV in multiple scenarios. \r\n\r\nThis chart illustrates the triggers or circumstances under which age verification (AV) mechanisms are deployed, with data representing the percentage of instances within each specific digital service category. The data reveal that utilising AV \"to access certain features\" is the most widespread strategy, appearing in 70% of the categories and accounting for 50% of the triggers in the Social Media, Pornography, and Generative AI sectors.\r\nA significant trend emerges regarding the influence of regional regulations; verifying users \"in certain geographic locations\" is the dominant trigger for Gaming and App Stores (67%), and represents half of the triggers for Immersive environments and Generative AI (50%). Furthermore, the data highlight a heavily reactive enforcement landscape in specific sectors: Random live video chat relies exclusively on AV \"on appeal\" (100%), a method that also accounts for 40% of the triggers used by Social Media platforms following account suspensions.\r\nThe data also underscore the rarity of proactive safety measures. Verification \"at registration\" is the primary method for only two categories: it is the exclusive trigger for \"For kids\" services (100%), but represents only 14% of the triggers in the Dating sector. Similarly, triggering AV due to \"suspicious activity\" remains a marginal practice, appearing only in Pornography (17%) and Dating (14%)."},
{"data": [{"data": [50, 25, 17, 75, "", 20, 33, "", 20, ""], "name": "Suspend account + delete data"}, {"data": [30, 50, 50, 25, 17, "", 33, 25, 60, 33], "name": "Suspend account"}, {"data": ["", "", "", "", "", "", "", 50, 20, 67], "name": "Delete data"}, {"data": [10, 25, 33, "", 67, 40, 33, 25, "", ""], "name": "No information"}, {"data": [10, "", "", "", 17, 40, "", "", "", ""], "name": "No minimum age"}], "_data": [["Service Category", "Suspend account + delete data", "Suspend account", "Delete data", "No information", "No minimum age"], ["Social media", 50, 30, "", 10, 10], ["Pornography", 25, 50, "", 25, ""], ["Messaging", 17, 50, "", 33, ""], ["Random live video chat", 75, 25, "", "", ""], ["Gaming", "", 17, "", 67, 17], ["For kids", 20, "", "", 40, 40], ["Immersive environments", 33, 33, "", 33, ""], ["Generative AI", "", 25, 50, 25, ""], ["Dating", 20, 60, 20, "", ""], ["App stores", "", 33, 67, "", ""]], "labels": {"values": ["Social media", "Pornography", "Messaging", "Random live video chat", "Gaming", "For kids", "Immersive environments", "Generative AI", "Dating", "App stores"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/age-assurance-practices-of-50-online-services-used-by-children_a19853ab-en.html", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2024", "title": "Actions Taken by Online Services When Underage Accounts are Detected (2024)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "OECD, Age assurance practices of 50 online services used by children", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "87.0", "geographical": "World"}, "description": "Data represents the frequency of specific enforcement actions identified across 50 online service instances. A service may be counted in only one category. \r\n\r\nThis chart shows the enforcement actions that 50 online services state they will take when they detect an account belonging to someone underage in 2024, broken down by service category. While \"suspending the account\" (either alone or combined with deleting data) is the industry standard for high-risk sectors, the specific approach varies significantly depending on the nature of the platform.\r\nA significant trend emerges in sectors characterised by real-time interaction. Random live video chat (75%) and social media (50%) utilise the comprehensive 'suspend account + delete data' approach the most. In contrast, sectors such as dating (60%), pornography (50%) and messaging (50%) tend to suspend accounts without explicitly stating that data will be deleted as part of the primary enforcement action.\r\nThe data also highlight a profound 'transparency gap' and a lack of protective thresholds in certain sectors. Most notably, 67% of gaming services provide no information regarding their enforcement actions; a lack of transparency is also seen in 40% of services designed specifically 'for kids'. Furthermore, 40% of \"For kids\" services and 17% of \"Gaming\" services state that they have no minimum age, rendering detection-based enforcement unnecessary.\r\nFinally, a distinct 'data-centric' model is evident in app stores (67%) and generative AI (50%), where platforms prioritise deleting minor's data over suspending the account itself."},
{"data": [{"data": [42, 56, 57, 68, 50], "name": "Agree"}, {"data": [32, 28, 26, 24, 36], "name": "Neutral"}, {"data": [26, 16, 17, 8, 14], "name": "Disagree"}], "_data": [["Category", "Agree", "Neutral", "Disagree"], ["On social media, I don't notice algorithms shaping my feed", 42, 32, 26], ["I worry that social media influences me by controlling my feed", 56, 28, 16], ["Social media algorithms make me spend more time on than I want", 57, 26, 17], ["I want more control over what apperas on my social media feed", 68, 24, 8], ["Social media algorithms save me time and show relevant content", 50, 36, 14]], "labels": {"values": ["On social media, I don't notice algorithms shaping my feed", "I worry that social media influences me by controlling my feed", "Social media algorithms make me spend more time on than I want", "I want more control over what apperas on my social media feed", "Social media algorithms save me time and show relevant content"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.euroconsumers.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Growing-up-online-Building-a-digital-future-for-minors-by-minors-1.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Attitudes Towards Social Media Algorithms (2025)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Survey (N = 3351; Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)", "source": "Euroconsumers, Growing Up Online: Building a digital future for minors, by minors, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "88.0", "geographical": "European Union (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)"}, "description": "This table examines the attitudes of young people (aged 12-17) towards social media algorithms in five European countries: Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. The 2025 survey reveals a significant demand for digital agency, with 68% of respondents expressing a desire for more control over the content in their feeds. This desire is emphasised by a high level of concern about algorithmic influence: 56% of young people are worried that social media platforms control their experience, and 57% admit that algorithms cause them to spend more time online than intended. The findings also highlight a complex duality in user perception: while 50% of respondents recognise the functional benefits of algorithms in saving time and providing relevant content, 42% report not even noticing that algorithms are shaping their feeds."},
{"data": [{"data": [97.67, 99.71, 99.7, 99.65, 99.53, 99.33, 99.21, 99.18, 99.17, 99.08, 99.07, 99.06, 98.82, 98.69, 98.69, 98.69, 98.57, 98.54, 98.39, 97.85, 97.69, 97.58, 97.38, 97.23, 97.11, 95.94, 95.75, 95.44, "", 99, 97.95, 96.31, "", 99, 99.41, 99.41, 98.76, 97.08, 97.04], "name": "Young people aged 16-29 years"}, {"data": [89.54, 98.42, 87.18, 99.29, 95.01, 93.51, 90.77, 85.03, 95.45, 90.92, 82.63, 84.85, 87.97, 85.52, 87.53, 93.34, 94.49, 92.49, 87.43, 96.44, 82.7, 89.01, 88.18, 96.64, 88.5, 86.51, 89.41, 84.97, "", 98, 94.99, 94.98, "", 86, 89.24, 87.14, 88.24, 92.81, 87.13], "name": "Total population"}], "_data": [["Country", "Young people aged 16-29 years", "Total population"], ["EU", 97.67, 89.54], ["Netherlands", 99.71, 98.42], ["Greece", 99.7, 87.18], ["Ireland", 99.65, 99.29], ["Malta", 99.53, 95.01], ["Belgium", 99.33, 93.51], ["Estonia", 99.21, 90.77], ["Lithuania", 99.18, 85.03], ["Finland", 99.17, 95.45], ["Latvia", 99.08, 90.92], ["Croatia", 99.07, 82.63], ["Poland", 99.06, 84.85], ["Slovenia", 98.82, 87.97], ["Portugal", 98.69, 85.52], ["Czechia", 98.69, 87.53], ["Cyprus", 98.69, 93.34], ["Luxembourg", 98.57, 94.49], ["Spain", 98.54, 92.49], ["Slovakia", 98.39, 87.43], ["Sweden", 97.85, 96.44], ["Bulgaria", 97.69, 82.7], ["France", 97.58, 89.01], ["Romania", 97.38, 88.18], ["Denmark", 97.23, 96.64], ["Italy", 97.11, 88.5], ["Hungary", 95.94, 86.51], ["Germany", 95.75, 89.41], ["Austria", 95.44, 84.97], ["", "", ""], ["Iceland (2021)", 99, 98], ["Switzerland", 97.95, 94.99], ["Norway", 96.31, 94.98], ["", "", ""], ["Albania (2024)", 99, 86], ["North Macedonia", 99.41, 89.24], ["Serbia", 99.41, 87.14], ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", 98.76, 88.24], ["Montenegro", 97.08, 92.81], ["Türkiye", 97.04, 87.13]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["EU", "Netherlands", "Greece", "Ireland", "Malta", "Belgium", "Estonia", "Lithuania", "Finland", "Latvia", "Croatia", "Poland", "Slovenia", "Portugal", "Czechia", "Cyprus", "Luxembourg", "Spain", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "Bulgaria", "France", "Romania", "Denmark", "Italy", "Hungary", "Germany", "Austria", "", "Iceland (2021)", "Switzerland", "Norway", "", "Albania (2024)", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Montenegro", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Young_people_-_digital_world", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "People who used the internet on a daily basis (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "Eurostat Statistics Explained: Young people - digital world, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "89.0", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart, extracted from the Eurostat publication Young People – Digital World in March 2026, illustrates the percentage of daily internet users in 2025, comparing the youth demographic (aged 16–29) with the total population. The data reveal that daily internet connectivity has reached near-total saturation among European youth, with usage reaching nearly 100% in almost every surveyed nation.\r\nA significant regional trend emerges in the 'generational digital gap'. In highly digitised nations such as the Netherlands, Ireland and Denmark, daily usage is almost identical among young people and the general population. However, in Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as in IPA (candidate) countries, a significant divide remains. In countries such as Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania, young people are virtually 100% online daily, whereas the total population's daily usage remains significantly lower, typically ranging from 80% to 90%."},
{"data": [{"data": [89.3, 98.3, 97.2, 96.9, 96.6, 96.1, 94.4, 94.2, 93.9, 93.8, 92.1, 91.9, 91.6, 91.6, 91.4, 91.1, 91, 90.7, 90.6, 90.5, 89.8, 89.4, 88.7, 88.4, 88.3, 84.8, 84.2, 80.3, "", 98, 95.69, 95.75, "", 97.7, 97.22, 97, 96.12, 93.44], "name": "Young people aged 16-29 years"}, {"data": [67.3, 86.5, 70.1, 89.7, 81.3, 67.9, 79.9, 81.2, 70.8, 79.3, 79.6, 81.6, 69.5, 70.5, 72.6, 78.7, 65.4, 61.5, 73, 63.3, 70.3, 71.1, 61.9, 74.7, 67.7, 67.3, 59.2, 56.4, "", 93, 88.94, 74.07, "", 77.92, 76.29, 69, 83.8, 80.38], "name": "Total population"}], "_data": [["Country", "Young people aged 16-29 years", "Total population"], ["EU", 89.3, 67.3], ["Cyprus", 98.3, 86.5], ["Czechia", 97.2, 70.1], ["Denmark", 96.9, 89.7], ["Finland", 96.6, 81.3], ["Austria", 96.1, 67.9], ["Ireland", 94.4, 79.9], ["Netherlands", 94.2, 81.2], ["France", 93.9, 70.8], ["Latvia", 93.8, 79.3], ["Romania", 92.1, 79.6], ["Malta", 91.9, 81.6], ["Spain", 91.6, 69.5], ["Portugal", 91.6, 70.5], ["Estonia", 91.4, 72.6], ["Hungary", 91.1, 78.7], ["Slovenia", 91, 65.4], ["Croatia", 90.7, 61.5], ["Greece", 90.6, 73], ["Poland", 90.5, 63.3], ["Lithuania", 89.8, 70.3], ["Bulgaria", 89.4, 71.1], ["Slovakia", 88.7, 61.9], ["Sweden", 88.4, 74.7], ["Belgium", 88.3, 67.7], ["Luxembourg", 84.8, 67.3], ["Germany", 84.2, 59.2], ["Italy", 80.3, 56.4], ["", "", ""], ["Iceland (2021)", 98, 93], ["Norway", 95.69, 88.94], ["Switzerland", 95.75, 74.07], ["", "", ""], ["North Macedonia", 97.7, 77.92], ["Serbia", 97.22, 76.29], ["Albania (2024)", 97, 69], ["Montenegro", 96.12, 83.8], ["Turkey", 93.44, 80.38]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["EU", "Cyprus", "Czechia", "Denmark", "Finland", "Austria", "Ireland", "Netherlands", "France", "Latvia", "Romania", "Malta", "Spain", "Portugal", "Estonia", "Hungary", "Slovenia", "Croatia", "Greece", "Poland", "Lithuania", "Bulgaria", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "Belgium", "Luxembourg", "Germany", "Italy", "", "Iceland (2021)", "Norway", "Switzerland", "", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Albania (2024)", "Montenegro", "Turkey"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Young_people_-_digital_world", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "People who participated in social networks (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "Eurostat Statistics Explained: Young people - digital world, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "90.0", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart, extracted from the Eurostat publication Young People in the Digital World in March 2026, illustrates active participation in social networks, defined as creating profiles, posting messages or sharing content. It compares individuals aged 16–29 with the total population in 2025. The data reveal that social networking has become the primary social infrastructure for European youth, with a European average participation rate of 89%, compared to 67% for the general population.\r\nA significant regional trend emerges in the 'social connectivity gap'. In several Member States, including Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Denmark, youth participation has reached near-total saturation (approaching 100%). Even in countries with the lowest relative engagement, such as Italy, youth participation (80%) is still 24 percentage points higher than that of the general population (56%). This trend is mirrored across the EEA and IPA countries, with youth engagement consistently exceeding 90% in territories such as Norway, Switzerland, and Montenegro."},
{"data": [{"data": [19.35, 30.62, 30.1, 28.1, 27.42, 26.42, 25.86, 24.44, 22.93, 22.57, 22.56, 22.2, 20.35, 19.77, 17.86, 17.47, 17.28, 17.24, 17.22, 16.99, 15.67, 15.07, 14.45, 13.55, 8.83, 8, 6.41, 4.58, "", 31.84, 24.41, 22, "", 15, 20.58, 9.71, 3.68, 16.69, 6.13], "name": "Young males"}, {"data": [9.08, 5.68, 12.85, 9.99, 13.5, 11.25, 10.25, 8.79, 9.21, 13.47, 9.32, 8.82, 8.37, 8.4, 10.76, 6.59, 8.2, 4.82, 5.36, 10.3, 4.54, 6.05, 4.6, 7.88, 7.82, 1.2, 3.73, 2.13, "", 17.23, 14.61, 10, "", 24, 18.6, 16.24, 8.05, 3.74, 2.95], "name": "Young females"}], "_data": [["Country", "Young males", "Young females"], ["EU", 19.35, 9.08], ["Ireland", 30.62, 5.68], ["Portugal", 30.1, 12.85], ["Finland", 28.1, 9.99], ["Netherlands", 27.42, 13.5], ["Denmark", 26.42, 11.25], ["Spain", 25.86, 10.25], ["Sweden", 24.44, 8.79], ["Hungary", 22.93, 9.21], ["France", 22.57, 13.47], ["Austria", 22.56, 9.32], ["Lithuania", 22.2, 8.82], ["Luxembourg", 20.35, 8.37], ["Czechia", 19.77, 8.4], ["Poland", 17.86, 10.76], ["Slovenia", 17.47, 6.59], ["Estonia", 17.28, 8.2], ["Malta", 17.24, 4.82], ["Belgium", 17.22, 5.36], ["Italy", 16.99, 10.3], ["Latvia", 15.67, 4.54], ["Germany", 15.07, 6.05], ["Slovakia", 14.45, 4.6], ["Croatia", 13.55, 7.88], ["Cyprus", 8.83, 7.82], ["Greece", 8, 1.2], ["Bulgaria", 6.41, 3.73], ["Romania", 4.58, 2.13], ["", "", ""], ["Norway", 31.84, 17.23], ["Switzerland", 24.41, 14.61], ["Iceland (2021)", 22, 10], ["", "", ""], ["Albania (2023)", 15, 24], ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", 20.58, 18.6], ["North Macedonia", 9.71, 16.24], ["Montenegro", 3.68, 8.05], ["Serbia", 16.69, 3.74], ["Türkiye", 6.13, 2.95]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["EU", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Finland", "Netherlands", "Denmark", "Spain", "Sweden", "Hungary", "France", "Austria", "Lithuania", "Luxembourg", "Czechia", "Poland", "Slovenia", "Estonia", "Malta", "Belgium", "Italy", "Latvia", "Germany", "Slovakia", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Greece", "Bulgaria", "Romania", "", "Norway", "Switzerland", "Iceland (2021)", "", "Albania (2023)", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "North Macedonia", "Montenegro", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Young_people_-_digital_world", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Individuals who wrote code in a programming language by sex (2025)", "topic": "Literacy", "method": "data collection", "source": "Eurostat Statistics Explained: Young people - digital world, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "91.0", "geographical": "Europe"}, "description": "This chart, from the Eurostat publication 'Young people – digital world' (March 2026), illustrates the percentage of individuals aged 16–29 who wrote code in a programming language in 2025, disaggregated by sex. The data reveal a significant 'digital creation gap', with the EU average for young men (19%) being more than double that for young women (9%).\r\nA significant trend emerges in the disparity between technical consumption and technical production. While previous Eurostat data showed near-universal social media participation, the percentage of young people capable of programming remains low, peaking at around 30–32% for males in Ireland and Norway. In several major economies, the gender gap is extreme: in Ireland, male programmers outnumber female programmers by a ratio of six to one (31% versus 5%), while in Portugal, the ratio is almost three to one.\r\nNotably, the data identifies Albania as a unique outlier, where young females (24%) significantly outpace young males (15%) in programming skills."},
{"data": [{"data": [60.42, 82, 78.86, 73.64, 73.26, 72.43, 72.27, 72.24, 71.65, 71.42, 70.42, 70.33, 69.89, 69.5, 69.14, 67.57, 67.55, 67.4, 65, 64.81, 64.58, 57.88, 56.13, 53.74, 47.05, 45.46, 42.64, 38.27, "", 78.29, 76.21, "", 56.79, 44.64, 42.05, 36.31], "name": "Young people aged 16-29 years"}, {"data": [32.66, 44.09, 46.64, 38.7, 37.46, 35.35, 44.2, 48.44, 42.01, 46.46, 39.42, 37.88, 36.89, 44.7, 33.4, 42.54, 37.56, 46.27, 44.93, 30.79, 42.01, 29.56, 27.52, 32.25, 22.68, 22.5, 19.86, 17.76, "", 56.32, 47.02, "", 20.26, 22.03, 18.64, 17.19], "name": "Total population"}], "_data": [["Country", "Young people aged 16-29 years", "Total population"], ["EU", 60.42, 32.66], ["Greece", 82, 44.09], ["Estonia", 78.86, 46.64], ["Portugal", 73.64, 38.7], ["France", 73.26, 37.46], ["Czechia", 72.43, 35.35], ["Cyprus", 72.27, 44.2], ["Denmark", 72.24, 48.44], ["Belgium", 71.65, 42.01], ["Malta", 71.42, 46.46], ["Austria", 70.42, 39.42], ["Spain", 70.33, 37.88], ["Lithuania", 69.89, 36.89], ["Netherlands", 69.5, 44.7], ["Latvia", 69.14, 33.4], ["Luxembourg", 67.57, 42.54], ["Slovenia", 67.55, 37.56], ["Finland", 67.4, 46.27], ["Ireland", 65, 44.93], ["Slovakia", 64.81, 30.79], ["Sweden", 64.58, 42.01], ["Hungary", 57.88, 29.56], ["Croatia", 56.13, 27.52], ["Germany", 53.74, 32.25], ["Poland", 47.05, 22.68], ["Bulgaria", 45.46, 22.5], ["Italy", 42.64, 19.86], ["Romania", 38.27, 17.76], ["", "", ""], ["Norway", 78.29, 56.32], ["Switzerland", 76.21, 47.02], ["", "", ""], ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", 56.79, 20.26], ["North Macedonia", 44.64, 22.03], ["Serbia", 42.05, 18.64], ["Türkiye", 36.31, 17.19]], "labels": {"name": "Country", "values": ["EU", "Greece", "Estonia", "Portugal", "France", "Czechia", "Cyprus", "Denmark", "Belgium", "Malta", "Austria", "Spain", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "Latvia", "Luxembourg", "Slovenia", "Finland", "Ireland", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "Hungary", "Croatia", "Germany", "Poland", "Bulgaria", "Italy", "Romania", "", "Norway", "Switzerland", "", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "North Macedonia", "Serbia", "Türkiye"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Young_people_-_digital_world", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "People who used generative AI tools (2025)", "topic": "Usage Patterns", "method": "data collection", "source": "Eurostat Statistics Explained: Young people - digital world, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "92.0", "geographical": "European Union"}, "description": "This chart, extracted from the Eurostat publication 'Young people – digital world' in March 2026, illustrates the percentage of individuals who used generative AI tools in the last three months of 2025, comparing the youth demographic (aged 16–29) with the total population. The data reveal a significant 'generational AI divide', with the average for European youth (60%) being almost double that for the general population (32%).\r\nA significant regional trend emerges in the rapid adoption of AI across Southern and Eastern Europe. Greece leads the way with an impressive 82% of young people utilising generative AI, closely followed by Estonia (79%) and Portugal (74%). Even in countries with the lowest relative engagement, such as Romania (38%) and Italy (42%), the youth demographic is still far more active than the general public. This trend is also evident in the EEA, where Norway (78%) and Switzerland (76%) have some of the highest youth adoption rates in the dataset."},
{"data": [{"data": [45, 36, 36, 31, 28, 16, 13], "name": "Percent"}], "_data": [["Category", "Percent"], ["Parents can see their social media proles and posts", 45], ["They need parental permission to buy or install apps", 36], ["Screen-time limits on their devices", 36], ["Parents forbid certain apps or platforms", 31], ["Parents review and adjust the privacy settings of games and apps", 28], ["Restricted friends or follow requests on their social media accounts", 16], ["Can only use devices at home or only their parents' devices", 13]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Parents can see their social media proles and posts", "They need parental permission to buy or install apps", "Screen-time limits on their devices", "Parents forbid certain apps or platforms", "Parents review and adjust the privacy settings of games and apps", "Restricted friends or follow requests on their social media accounts", "Can only use devices at home or only their parents' devices"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.euroconsumers.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Growing-up-online-Building-a-digital-future-for-minors-by-minors-1.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Restrictions on rules by the parents, to regulate minors' online activities (2025)", "topic": "Tech Mindset", "method": "Survey (N = 3351; Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)", "source": "Euroconsumers, Growing Up Online: Building a digital future for minors, by minors, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "93.0", "geographical": "European Union (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)"}, "description": "This table illustrates the prevalence of specific digital rules and restrictions imposed by parents on their children's online activities in five European countries: Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. This 2025 survey reveals that the primary strategy is active monitoring, with 45% of parents maintaining visibility over their children’s social media profiles and posts. This is closely followed by gatekeeping measures, such as requiring permission to install apps (36%) and enforcing screen time limits (36%).\r\nWhile 31% of parents forbid specific apps or platforms entirely, technical privacy management is less common: only 28% of parents actively review and adjust the privacy settings of their children's games and apps. The least prevalent restrictions involve controlling the physical environment or social circle: only 13% of parents limit device use to the home or parental hardware, and 16% restrict follow requests."},
{"data": [{"data": [82, 37, 41, 58, 45, 76], "name": "Agree"}, {"data": [14, 29, 28, 26, 29, 17], "name": "Neutral"}, {"data": [4, 34, 31, 16, 26, 7], "name": "Disagree"}], "_data": [["Category", "Agree", "Neutral", "Disagree"], ["Minors should have restrictions on certain content", 82, 14, 4], ["Current regulations are sucient to protect minors online", 37, 29, 34], ["I think teen online privacy and safety get enough attention", 41, 28, 31], ["My parents should control the content I access online", 58, 26, 16], ["The government shouldn’t control what minors do online", 45, 29, 26], ["Adults should limit their screen time before asking teens to", 76, 17, 7]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Minors should have restrictions on certain content", "Current regulations are sucient to protect minors online", "I think teen online privacy and safety get enough attention", "My parents should control the content I access online", "The government shouldn’t control what minors do online", "Adults should limit their screen time before asking teens to"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.euroconsumers.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Growing-up-online-Building-a-digital-future-for-minors-by-minors-1.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Attitude towards regulation of minors' online activities (2025)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Survey (N = 3351; Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)", "source": "Euroconsumers, Growing Up Online: Building a digital future for minors, by minors, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "94.0", "geographical": "European Union (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)"}, "description": "This table examines the views of young people (aged 12-17) on digital regulation and the governance of their online lives across five European countries. The 2025 Euroconsumers survey reveals a high level of consent for protection, with an overwhelming 82% of respondents agreeing that minors should be restricted from accessing certain content. Furthermore, the findings suggest a preference for local versus distant authority: while 58% of young people agree that their parents should control the content they access, almost half (45%) do not believe that the government should control what minors do online. The survey also highlights a significant credibility gap between policymakers and parents on one hand and young people on the other. Notably, 76% of minors believe that adults should limit their own screen time before imposing restrictions on teenagers, suggesting that perceived hypocrisy could undermine the legitimacy of digital rules. Additionally, the population is deeply divided on the efficacy of the current status quo: only 37% believe that current regulations are sufficient and just 41% feel that the privacy and safety of teenagers receive enough attention."},
{"data": [{"data": [60, 52, 52, 64, 53, 49, 45, 44, 43], "name": "Very useful"}, {"data": [33, 38, 37, 29, 37, 38, 36, 39, 34], "name": "Somewhat useful"}, {"data": [3, 6, 5, 4, 5, 8, 13, 11, 17], "name": "Not useful"}, {"data": [4, 4, 6, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6], "name": "No opinion"}], "_data": [["Category", "Very useful", "Somewhat useful", "Not useful", "No opinion"], ["Support channels should exist to report harmful content", 60, 33, 3, 4], ["Think before you share' pop-ups and daily reshare limits", 52, 38, 6, 4], ["Apps should ask minors’ interests, not track them", 52, 37, 5, 6], ["Inappropriate content blurred for users below a certain age", 64, 29, 4, 3], ["Specific default settings for minors' accounts'", 53, 37, 5, 5], ["Social media account only from a certain age", 49, 38, 8, 5], ["Video games should have a time limit for minors per day", 45, 36, 13, 6], ["Personal smartphone only from a certain age", 44, 39, 11, 6], ["Private smartphones' use banned in school", 43, 34, 17, 6]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Support channels should exist to report harmful content", "Think before you share' pop-ups and daily reshare limits", "Apps should ask minors’ interests, not track them", "Inappropriate content blurred for users below a certain age", "Specific default settings for minors' accounts'", "Social media account only from a certain age", "Video games should have a time limit for minors per day", "Personal smartphone only from a certain age", "Private smartphones' use banned in school"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.euroconsumers.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Growing-up-online-Building-a-digital-future-for-minors-by-minors-1.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Usefulness of regulatory inititatives (2025)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Survey (N = 3351; Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)", "source": "Euroconsumers, Growing Up Online: Building a digital future for minors, by minors, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "95.0", "geographical": "European Union (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)"}, "description": "This table evaluates the perceived usefulness of various regulatory initiatives aimed at protecting minors online, as reported by young people (aged 12-17) in five European countries. The data reveal a strong preference for safety measures based on design over prohibitive ones. The highest levels of support are found for blurring inappropriate content (64% \"very useful\") and establishing support channels for reporting harm (60% \"very useful\"). This indicates that minors prioritise functional tools that mitigate exposure and provide immediate recourse. The majority of respondents view specific default settings for minors (53%) and shifting from algorithmic tracking to interest-based selection (52%) as highly useful interventions. Similarly, behavioural nudges such as 'Think before you share' pop-ups are considered highly effective by 52% of young people.\r\nIn contrast, prohibitive and exclusionary measures receive the lowest 'very useful' ratings in the dataset. Age-based restrictions on social media (49%), smartphones (44%) and blanket bans on devices in schools (43%) attract the most scepticism, with school bans receiving the highest proportion of \"not useful\" responses at 17%."},
{"data": [{"data": [36, 34, 36, 31, 32, 5], "name": "Teenagers aged 12-14"}, {"data": [34, 28, 38, 30, 28, 6], "name": "Teenagers aged 15-17"}], "_data": [["Category", "Teenagers aged 12-14", "Teenagers aged 15-17"], ["Age verification should be device-linked, so I only verify once", 36, 34], ["Age verification should be at the app store level so I onlyaccess safe apps", 34, 28], ["Age verification should be done for each app/platform", 36, 38], ["Age verification should be done via a dedicated app toensure anonymity", 31, 30], ["Age verication should be done via biometric identication", 32, 28], ["None of the above", 5, 6]], "labels": {"name": "Category", "values": ["Age verification should be device-linked, so I only verify once", "Age verification should be at the app store level so I only\naccess safe apps", "Age verification should be done for each app/platform", "Age verification should be done via a dedicated app to\nensure anonymity", "Age verication should be done via biometric identication", "None of the above"]}, "metadata": {"link": "https://www.euroconsumers.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Growing-up-online-Building-a-digital-future-for-minors-by-minors-1.pdf", "type": "", "unit": "Percent (%)", "year": "2025", "title": "Best Methods for Age Verification According to Teenagers (aged 12-14 and 15-17) (2025)", "topic": "Public Sentiment", "method": "Survey (N = 3351; Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)", "source": "Euroconsumers, Growing Up Online: Building a digital future for minors, by minors, 2026", "sub_topic": "", "chart_number": "96.0", "geographical": "European Union (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain)"}, "description": "This table examines the preferences of European teenagers (aged 12-17) regarding technical methods for age verification in five countries: Belgium, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. The 2025 data reveal that there is no single 'preferred' solution among young people; instead, support is fragmented across multiple technical approaches. A significant trend emerges among older teenagers (aged 15–17), who demonstrate the strongest preference for platform-specific verification (38%), indicating a preference for distinct digital identities rather than a universal 'digital key'. By contrast, younger teenagers (aged 12–14) are more open to centralised gatekeeping, with 34% supporting verification at the app store level compared to 28% of older teenagers. One-time, device-linked verification remains a consistently popular option for both age groups (34–36%), reflecting an appreciation of user convenience. While privacy-preserving methods such as dedicated anonymity apps (30–31%) and biometric identification (28–32%) receive significant support, they do not emerge as the leading choices."}]}